
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 



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Chap Copyright No.. 

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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



DAGGETT'S 

Scuooi of PHanqacg Lecture course. 

A SHORT AND CONCISE SERIES OF 

PRACTICAL LESSONS IN PHARMACY. 

Designed for the use of Pharmacists, Physicians, Students intending 

to take State Board of Pharmacy Examinations, and all others 

who desire a practical knowledge of Drugs, Chemicals 

and Pharmaceutical Compounds ; together with 

Tables of Incompatibilities, Latin Terms 

used in Prescription Writing, 

etc., etc., etc. 

PREPARED BY 

CHARLES H.DAGGETT, Ph. O , 

INSTRUCTOR OF 

PHARMACY <P PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY. 

Copyright 1898. by Charles H. Daggett. 
SECOND EDITION, REVISED AND ENLARGED. 



PROVIDENCE: 
PRINTED BY JOHN P. GREENE COMPANY, 

77 DYER STREET. 
1899. 






23125 



yo COPIES RECEIVE 
JAM 9" 1399 ^ 



v$b 






PRE FACE. 



In offering Daggett's School of Pharmacy Lecture Course to 
the public, the author has been actuated by the complexity of textbooks 
in general, to produce a work which comprises in a concise and compre- 
hensive form, the study of Pharmacy, Chemistry, and Materia Medica, 
and while the use of technical terms is unavoidable in a work of this 
kind, they are explained in such a manner as to render them easy to 
understand by the reader, after a little study. The writer does not 
claim originality in the branches taught, but only as to the arrangement 
of the work, which is the result of a number of years experience as a 
teacher. 

It is invaluable to students wishing to pass State Board of Phar- 
macy examinations, on account of containing the greatest amount of 
information in the smallest amount of space ; to the College Graduate, ,. 
Registered Pharmacist, or Registered Assistant Pharmacist, as a refer- > 
ence ; to Physicians in prescribing, containing, as it does, a simple 
explanation of the Metric System with equivalents, Latin terms used 
in prescription writing, incompatibles, doses, etc. 

On account of the increased demand for copies of the first edition, 
which is exhausted, the second edition is offered to the public wholly 
on its merits. 

THE AUTHOR. 



DAGGETT'S 

Softool of PHarmacu Lecture Course. 



INTRODUCTION. 



This course is not intended to be antagonistic to any method of study 
now pursued. 

It is given for the benefit of those unable to attend a College of Phar- 
macy, who desire to obtain a practical education in the Theory and 
Practice of Pharmacy, and for those wishing to pass State Board of 
Pharmacy examinations. 

Particular attention has been paid to making the explanations as 
plain and concise as possible, and a great amount of reading matter 
which usually accompanies a course of this kind is omitted. 

For the College Graduate, Registered or Registered Assistant Phar- 
macist, it will be invaluable as a ready reference behind the prescription 
counter and in manufacturing, and for the physician in prescribing, con- 
taining, as it will, a simple explanation of the Metric System, Latin 
terms used in prescription writing, incompatibles, doses, etc. 

The high standard of State Board of Pharmacy examinations makes 
it difficult for the average young man to prepare himself without the aid 
of a competent instructor. 

For those taking the course, have regular hours for study, and let 
nothing, if possible, interfere with you. 

Do not commit the lectures to memory, but endeavor to thoroughly 
understand them. 

If possible, demonstrate the lectures by practical work and experi- 
ments in the store. 

It is well if convenient, to quiz with a fellow student. 

By faithful application to your studies it will take but a comparatively 
short time for you to master what may have at first seemed so difficult 
to understand. 

In the arrangement of these lectures I am indebted to the following 
works: "U. S. Pharmacopoeia, " U. S. Dispensatory," "Remington's 
Practice of Pharmacy," "Attfield's Chemistry," " Douglass and Pres- 
cott's Qualitative Analysis," "Avelling's Introduction to the Study of 
Botany." C. H. DAGGETT, Ph. G. 



LECTURK NO. 1. 

PJ I A RMACY is the art of preparing and dispensing drugs and medi- 
cines. 

CHEMISTRY is the study of chemical force. 

Ill ERAPEUTICS is the application of medicine to diseases. 

MATERIA MEDICA is that study which treats of the nature and 
properties of the substances used in medicine. 

PHARMACOGNOSY is the study of the characters and identifica- 
tion of crude drugs. 

MICROSCOPY is the study of the use and application of the micro- 
scope. 

TOXICOLOGY is the study of poisons ; their analysis and detec- 
tion. 

A PHAMACOPCEIA is a work of authority intended to regulate 
the strength and purity of medicinal substances and for the selection of 
remedies for the treatment of disease. The first Pharmacopoeia was 
published by the Massachusetts Medical Society in 1808, the next one 
by the New York Hospital in 1816, and our present Pharmacopoeia has 
been published every ten years since 1820. 

A DISPENSATORY is a book, the object of which is to present an 
account of medicinal substances in the state in which they are brought 
into the shops, and to teach the modes in which they are prepared for use. 

WEIGHT is gravity, ponderousness or downward pressure. 

GRAVITY is the force that exists between all bodies. 

WEIGHING is measuring the excess of terrestrial gravity of bodies 
in comparison with some body taken as a standard. The implement 
for weighing is called the balance. 

The BALANCE is a perpendicular support, supporting a lever of the 
first class. The point of suspension is an acute angle of polished steel 
or agate, resting on a plane of hardened metal or agate. It must not 
only be a lever of the first class, but it must have the centre of gravity 
of the beam immediately below the point of suspension, and as near to 
it as possible. 

Never touch the scale pans with the fingers. 

Never overload the balance. 

Always keep the balance in a glass case away from the dirt and dust. 

Never handle the weights with the fingers. 

Weights and Measures. 

The Standard of avoirdupois weight is a brass weight weighing 7000 
grains, divided into 16 ounces of 437.5 grains each. 

The Standard of Troy or Apothecaries weight is a brass weight 
weighing 5760 grains, divided into 12 ounces of 480 grains each. 



The Standard of wine measure is the gallon, containing 128 fluid 
ounces. 

Equivalents. 



One pound avoirdupois 

One ounce avoirdupois 

One drachm avoirdupois 

One pound troy 

One ounce troy 

One drachm troy 

One scruple 

One gallon (Imperial) 

One gallon (Wine) 

One pint (Imperial) 

One pint (Wine) 

One fluid ounce (Imperial) 

One fluid ounce (Wine) 



equals 



16 ounces. 
16 drachms. 
2 7-34 grains. 
12 ounces. 
8 drachms. 
3 scuples. 
20 grains. 
8 pints. 
8 pints. 
20 fluid ounces. 
16 fluid ounces. 
461 minims. 
480 minims. 



Relation of Wine Measure to Troy Weight. 
One minim equals 0.95 grains. 

One fluid drachm " 56.96 grains. 

One fluid ounce " 455-7° grains. 

One fluid ounce (Imperial) " 437-5° grains. 



One grain 
One drachm 
One ounce 



Relation of Troy Weight to Wine Measure. 
equals 



1.05 minims. 
63.20 minims. 
505.60 minims. 



Approximate Equivalents. 
equals 



4 fluid ounces. 
2 fluid ounces. 
J fluid ounce. 
2 fluid drachms. 
1 fluid drachm. 



A teacup 
A wine glass 
A tablespoon 
A dessertspoon 
A teaspoon 

Metric System. 

Is a French System based on multiples and subdivisions of ten. 
The standard of surface measure is the METER, which is one forty- 
millionth part of a meridian of the earth through the poles. 

The standard of solidity is the STER, which is a cube meter, or in 
other words, is the space occupied by a cube, each side of which is a 
meter in length. 

The standard of capacity is the LITER, which is the cube of a deci- 
meter or the one-tenth part of a meter. The Liter is too large for ordinary 
use, so a smaller subdivision is taken, which is the cube of the centime- 



Milli 


Meter 


written 


Centi 


11 


" 


Deci 


" 


" 


Meter 




<< 


Deka 


" 


" 


Hecto 


" 


(< 


Kilo 


« 


<< 



4 

ter, or one-hundredth of a meter, and is called the CUBIC CENTI- 

METER. 

The standard of weight is the GRAM, which is the weight of a cubic 
centimeter of water at 4°C. 

Subdivisions and Multiples of the Metric System.- 

.001 pronounced as written. 

.01 " Senti. 

.1 " Dessy. 

1. " Meeter. 

10. " Decka. 

100. " as written. 

1000. " Killo. 

The sub-divisions, deci, centi and mllli, are taken from the Latin lan- 
guage, while the multiples, Deka, Hecto and Kilo are taken from the 
Greek language. These terms always mean the same, no matter what 
they are connected with. 

One Meter 
One Liter- 
One cubic centimeter 
One fluid ounce 
One gram 
One troy ounce 
One advoirdupois ounce 
One advoirdupois pound 
One troy pound 

Specific Gravity. 

Specific gravity is the comparative weight of the same volume of 
different bodies in comparison with water. 

To take the specific gravity of liquids : 

Use the specific gravity bottle, which is a bottle with a very narrow 
neck, fitted with a perforated stopper and adjusted usually, to hold 100 
or 1000 grams. Divide the weight of the body, obtained by .filling the 
bottle to the mark on the neck and weighing, by the weight of an equal 
bulk of water. 

The HYDROMETER is also used to take the specific gravity of 
liquids. It consists of a graduated stem of glass with a bulb or bulbs 
at the bottom filled with mercury. The specific gravity of the liquid is 
ascertained by the depth to which it sinks in the liquid, the zero of the 
scale marking the depth to which it sinks in pure water. 

To take the specific gravity of solids insoluble in, but heavier than 
water : 

Weigh the substance in air: Weigh it in water by suspending it from 



Equivalents. 






equals 




3 feet 3§ inches. 


" 


IOOO. 


cubic centimeters. 


" 


16 


minims. 


a 


3° 


cubic centimeters. 


a 


j 5-5 


grains. 


a 


3 1 - 1 


grams. 


" 


28.35 


grams. 


« 


453-59 


grams. 


a 


373- 2 4 


grams. 



the end of the beam of the balance by a thread and immersing in a 
flask of water, the flask not touching the scale pan. The loss in weight 
in water is the weight of an equal bulk of water. Divide the weight of 
the substance in air by the loss of weight in water and the result is the 
specific gravity of the solid. 

To take the specific gravity of substances soluble in, but heavier than 
water: It must be weighed in some substance in which it is insoluble, as 
turpentine, oil, etc. Weigh it in the air, weigh it in turpentine, the specific 
gravity of which has been previously ascertained. The loss in weight 
in turpentine is the weight of an equal bulk of turpentine, then by com- 
parison ascertain the weight of an equal bulk of water. Make the fol- 
lowing proportion : The specific gravity of the turpentine is to the spe- 
cific gravity of water as the weight of turpentine (represented by the 
loss in weight in turpentine) is to the weight of an equal bulk of water. 
Then divide the weight of the substance by the weight of the equal 
bulk of water, and the result is the specific gravity of the substance. 

To take the specific gravity of bodies insoluble in, but lighter than 
water : It must be attached to something heavier than water, as brass, 
iron, etc. Weigh the substance in the air, attach to the piece of brass 
which has been previously weighed in water, and the loss noted. After 
attaching the brass to the substance weigh them both in water and sub- 
tract the loss due to the brass from the loss of both, which gives the 
weight of an equal bulk of water to the substance. Divide the weight 
in air by this weight and the result is the specific gravity of the sub- 
stance. 

THERMOMETERS : 

A Thermometer is an instrument of glass with a graduated stem, 
having at the lower end a bulb filled with mercury, and is used to tell 
the amount of sensible heat that a body contains. 

There are three kinds in use, namely : Fahrenheit, having the boil- 
ing point at 2i2° and freezing 32 ; Centigrade, which is our official 
thermometer, having the boiling point at ioo° and the freezing 0°, 
Reumer, having the boiling point at 8o° and freezing 0°. 

PHARMACEUTICAL TERMS. 

DESSICATION is the process of depriving solid substances of 
moisture, and should be affected at as low a temperature as possible. 
Its object is to reduce the bulk of substances and to aid in comminut- 
ing and preserving them. 

COMMINUTION is the process of reducing drugs to particles, or 
breaking up their state of aggregation. 

LEVIGATION is the process of reducing substances to a state of 
minute division by triturating them after they have been made into a 
paste with water or some other liquid. The object of this process is to 



6 

reduce such substances as zinc oxide or mercuric oxide to a fine state of 
subdivision, which cannot be performed by dry trituration in a mortar. 

ELUTRIATION is the process of obtaining substances in fine pow- 
der by suspending an insoluble substance in water, allowing the heavier 
particles to fall to the bottom of the vessel and decanting off the liquid 
containing the lighter particles into another vessel and collecting them. 
Ex. Prepared Chalk. 

TROCHISCATION is the process of making the pasty mass or 
magna obtained by elutriation into dry, conical masses. 

PULVERIZATION BY INTERVENTION is the process of reduc- 
ing substances to powder through the use of a foreign substance from 
which it is subsequently freed by some simple means. Ex. Camphor is 
powdered by rubbing with a little alcohol and the alcohol removed by 
evaporation. 

BOILING is occasioned by the bubbles of vapor forming on the sur- 
face of a heated liquid. When the temperature of the liquid has reached 
the boiling point, ioo° C. (21 2 F.) the bubbles pass off as steam. 

VAPOR is a term applied to such substances as are condensed by 
pressure or cooled to a liquid state, this being their normal condition 
at ordinary temperature and pressure. 

EVAPORATION is the conversion of a liquid or solid body into gas 
or vapor. 

DISTILLATION is the employment of evaporation with the inten- 
tion of condensing the vapor. This process is employed for the separ- 
ation of volatile liquids from those less volatile, and is also employed 
for the purpose of purifying substances. 

SIMPLE DISTILLATION is where a liquid is simply converted 
into vapor and the vapor condensed for the purpose of purification. Ex. 
Distillation of Water. 

FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION is where different substances are 
obtained from the same body, only at different temperatures. Ex. Car- 
bolic acid. 

DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION is where solid organic sub- 
stances are submitted to such a high degree of heat that their structure 
is changed and new bodies are formed. Ex. Acetic Acid. 

SUBLIMATION is the conversion of volatile solids into vapor and 
condensing the vapor. Ex. Sulphur, benzoic acid, etc. 

FUSION is the conversion of solid bodies into a liquid state without 
changing their characteristics. Ex. Lunar caustic. 

CALCINATION is the process of driving off all the volatile portions 
of a body. Ex. Calcined Magnesia. 

GRANULATION is the process of heating the solution of a chem- 
ical substance with constant stirring until the moisture has evaporated 
and a coarse grained powder results. 



EXSICCATION is the process of depriving a solid crystalline sub- 
stance of its water of crystallization or moisture by heating it strongly. 
The object is to increase the strength and thereby fit it for special appli- 
cation. Ex. Dried Sulphate of Iron. 

IGNITION is the process of converting a body to ashes by the 
action of strong heat, one of its uses being to convert organic bodies 
into such a condition that the amount of organic matter that they con- 
tain may be shown. 

DEFLAGRATION is the process of heating one inorganic substance 
with another capable of yielding oxygen (usually nitrate or a chlorate) 
causing decomposition with violent, noisy or sudden combustion. 

CARBONIZATION is the process of subjecting organic substances 
to a strong heat without the access of air. Ex. Animal Charcoal. 

SOLUTION is a mechanical combination of the molecules of a body 
producing a clear liquid. SIMPLE SOLUTION is one in which the 
dissolved body has undergone no sensible change of properties, and in 
which the mechanical forces are so balanced that a clear liquid results. 
COMPOUND SOLUTION is one in which more than one body is acted 
on by the same solvent. COMPLEX SOLUTION is where an entire 
change of properties takes place and we cannot recover the bodies by 
any mechanical means. 

CRYSTALLIZATION is the process whereby substances are caused 
to assume a regular geometric form. 

A SATURATED SOLUTION is one in which the solvent has dis- 
solved all of the body that it can. 

EFFLORESCENCE is the property a body has of losing its water of 
crystallization by expo ure to the air. 

DELIQUESCENCE is the property a body has of absorbing moisture 
from the air. . 

DECANTATION is the process of pouring off from above, the super- 
natant liquid. • 

DIALYSIS is the passage of crystalloids through a porous septum, 
which is usually parchment paper. It is the separation of crystalloids 
from colloids. 

The DIALYSATE is the liquid in the dialyzer. 

The DIFFUSATE is the liquid that has passed through the dialyzer. 

( "OLLOIDS are bodies which pass slowly through a porous septum. 

CRYSTALLOIDS are bodies which pass rapidly through a porous 
septum. 

FILTRATION is the separation of insoluble matter from liquids by 
passing through a porous septum, such as gray and white filter paper, etc. 

STRAINING or COLATION is the same as filtration, only passing 
through a coarser septum, as fine muslin, cotton flannel, etc. 



8 

DECOLORIZATION is the process of taking color from a body. 
The best material for the purpose is animal charcoal. 

CLARIFICATION is the process of separating from liquids without 
the use of strainers or filters, solid substances that interfere with their 
transparency. 

A SEDIMENT is solid matter separated from the liquid in which it 
is suspended by the action of gravity. 

A PRE( IP IT ATE is solid matter separated from a solution by heat, 
light or chemical actiom The separation of the precipitate is called 
PRECIPITATION, the "liquid left above is called the SUPERNAT- 
ANT LIQUID, and whatever is added to cause a precipitate to form is 
called the PRECIPITANT. 

A MAGNA is an amorphous precipitate, holding water mechanically, 
which results from straining or filtering. Ex. Ferric Hydrate. 

MACERATION is a preliminary process accompanying percolation, 
and sometimes alone. It consists in allowing the solvent to come in 
contact with the cells of a drug for a specified length of time, usually 
from twenty-four to forty-eight hours. 

DIGESTION is practically the same as maceration, only at a higher 
temperature. 

EXPRESSION is the process of separating solids from liquids by 
force. 

PERCOLATION is the process of passing menstruum equally 
through a drug contained in a percolator. 

PERCOLATORS are vessels of different sizes and shapes, and made 
of different substances, as tinned iron, glass, stoneware, etc., intended 
to hold the drug, while the menstruum is allowed to pass through it, 
extracting its active principles. The percolator most suitable for the 
quantities as given in the U. S. P., should be nearly cylindrical, or 
slightly conical, with a funnel-shaped termination at the smaller end. 

REPERCOLATION consists in passing the .undersaturated, or 
weaker percolates from one portion of the drug through another, and 
again passing the undersaturated, or weaker percolate from this second 
portion through a third, and so on. 

FERMENTATION is a process of changing bodies to their elements 
from which new bodies are formed. 

A FERMENT is a body capable of acting on other bodies at a cer- 
tain temperature, producing fermentation. 

The MENSTRUUM is a solvent or liquid which passes through the 
drug, extracting its active constituents. 

An EXTRACT is a body obtained by evaporating solutions of vege- 
table principles, and is of a solid, or semi-solid consistence. Ex. Extract 
of Gentian. 



LECTURE NO. 2. 

An INSPISSATED JUICE is an extract obtained by evaporating 
the expressed juice of a vegetable substance to a solid, or semi-solid 
consistence. Ex. Aloes. 

A GUM is a vegetable substance usually an exudation, insoluble in 
alcohol ; either soluble in water, forming a mucilaginous mass, or swelling 
up in Contact with it. The gums consist of three proximate principles 
namely ; ARABIN, found mostly in acacia, and is soluble. BASSO- 
RIN, found mostly in tragacanth, and is insoluble. CERASIN, found 
in cherry gum, and is insoluble. 

A SUGAR is an organic substance having a sweet taste, crystalliza- 
ble, soluble in water and dilute alcohol, but insoluble in alcohol and 
ether. Ex. Cane Sugar. 

A RES IX is a solid or semi-solid exudation from a vegetable sub- 
stance, insoluble in water and soluble in alcohol, ether and chloroform. 
Ex. Mastic. 

A GUM RESIN is a natural mixture of gum and resin and forms an 
emulsion when triturated with water. Ex. Ammoniac. 

An OLEORESIN is a mixture of volatile oil and resin. Ex. 
Copaiba. 

A BALSAM is an oleoresin, containing, besides oil and resin, either 
benzoic or cinnamic acids, or both. Ex. Balsam of Tolu. 

A VOLATILE OIL is a limpid liquid substance usually obtained 
by distillation from plants. It has a strong odor, resembling that of 
the plant from which it is obtained. The solid crystalline substance 
deposited by volatile oils on standing, is called a STEAROPTEN, and 
from some plants is called a CAMPHOR, from its resemblance to true 
camphor. The liquid remaining after the solid portion is removed is 
called ELEOPTEN. The volatile oils are divided into three classes : 
Non-Oxygenated Oils, consisting of carbon and hydrogen. Ex. Turpen- 
tine. Oxygenated Oils, containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Ex. 
Oil of Cinnamon. Sulphuretted Oils, containing sulphur. Ex Mus- 
tard. 

A FIXED OIL is a liquid or semi-liquid obtained by expression 
from vegetable and animal substances. The fixed oils contain a liquid 
principle called Olein, and two concrete substances called Palmitin and 
Stearin. A Volatile Oil is distinguished from a fixed oil by not leaving 
a greasy stain on paper. 

An ALKALOID is a vegetable base and always contains nitrogen, 
or it is one of a group of organic bodies containing nitrogen. Chemi- 
cally alkaloids are either Amines, containing carbon, nitrogen and hydro- 
gen, or Amides, containing carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen and oxygen. They 
2 



10 

arc mostly soluble in alcohol, chloroform, benzin, etc., insoluble in water, 
and unite with acids to form salts. 

The Latin names of alkaloids end in " ina," while the English names 
end in " ine." 

As a general treatment in case of alkaloidal poisoning use emetics and 
the stomach pump. 

A GLUCOSIDE is a body which, under the action of a ferment 
splits up into glucose and some other body peculiar to itself. 

The Latin names of glucosides end in " inum," while the English 
names end in " in." 

Therapeutical Terms. 

An ABSORBENT is a drug used to produce absorption of diseased 
tissue. Ex. Iodine. 

An ALTERATIVE is a medicine used to modify nutrition so as to 
overcome morbid processes. Ex. Arsenic. 

An ANAESTHETIC is a medicine used to produce insensibility. 
Ex. Ether. 

An ANALGESIC is a medicine used to relieve pain. Ex. Opium. 

An ANAPHRODISIAC is a medicine that lowers sexual func- 
tions. 

An ANODYNE is a medicine used to relieve pain externally. Ex. 
Soap Liniment. 

An ANTACID is a medicine used to neutralize acid in the stomach 
and intestines. Ex. Magnesia. 

An ANTHELMINTIC is a medicine used to expel worms from the 
stomach or intestines. Ex. Male Fern. 

An ANTILITIC is a medicine used to relieve stone in the bladder. 
Ex. Lithium Carbonate. 

An ANTIPYRETIC is a medicine used to reduce bodily tempera- 
ture in fevers. Ex. Phenacetine. 

An ANTISEPTIC is a substance which prevents putrefaction. Ex. 
Iodoform. 

An ANTISPASMODIC is a medicine used to relieve nervous irrita- 
bility and minor spasms. 

An APERIENT is a mild purgative. Ex. Seidlitz Powder. 

An APHRODISIAC is a medicine used to stimulate sexual func- 
tions. Ex. Phosphorus. 

An AROMATIC is a medicine that has a fragrant taste or odor and 
stimulates the gastro intestinal mucous membrane. Ex. Cardamom. 

An ASTRINGENT is a medicine that contracts tissue. Ex. Nut- 
gall. 

A CARDIAC STIMULANT is a medicine that stimulates the 
heart's action. Ex. Digitalis. 



11 

A CARDIAC SEDATIVE is a medicine that reduces the heart's 
action. Ex. Dilute Hydrocyanic Acid. 

A CARMINATIVE is a medicine used to relieve flatulence or colic. 
Ex. Spirit of Anise. 

A CATHARTIC is a medicine that causes the contents of the 
stomach to pass off through the bowels. 

A CHALYBEATE is a medicine in which iron predominates. Ex. 
BashairTs Mixture. 

A CHOLAGOGUE is a medicine which causes a flow of bile. Ex. 
Chrysarobin. 

A DEMULCENT is a medicine that produces a bland sensation and 
soothes irritated surfaces. Ex. Acacia. 

A DEPRESSO MOTOR is a medicine that depresses muscular 
activity. Ex. Conium. 

A DETERGENT is a medicine used to cleanse ulcers, wounds, etc. 
Ex. Zinc Sulphate. 

A DIAPHORETIC or SUDORIFIC is a medicine that increases 
the secretions of the skin. Ex. Aconite. 

A DISINFECTANT is a substance that has the power of destroy- 
ing disease germs. Ex. Carbolic Acid. 

A DIURETIC is a medicine that increases the secretions of the 
kidneys. Ex. Buchu. 

A DRASTIC is a powerful purgative. Ex. Calomel. 

An EMETIC is a medicine that causes vomiting. Ex. Mustard. 

An EMMENAGOGUE is a medicine that stimulates menstruation. 
Ex. Savine. 

An EMOLLIENT is a substance used to mechanically soften and 
protect tissues. Ex. Lard. 

An EPISPASTIC is a medicine causing a blister. Ex. Mustard. 

An ERRHINE is a medicine that increases the secretions of the 
nose without producing sneezing, as a rule. Ex. Vapor of Ammonia. 

An EXCITO MOTOR is a medicine that stimulates muscular activity. 
Ex. Nux Vomica. 

An EXPECTORANT is a medicine that acts on the pulmonic 
mucous membrane and increases or alters its secretions. Ex. Guaiac. 

A HEMOSTATIC is a medicine that arrests hemorrhages. Ex. 
Monsell's Solution. 

A HYPNOTIC is a medicine that causes sleep without previous cere- 
bral excitement. Ex. Chloral. 

A MYDRIATIC is a medicine used to dilate the pupil of the eye. 
Ex. Belladonna. 

A MYOTIC is a medicine used to contract the pupil of the eye. Ex. 
Physostigmine. 



12 

A NARCOTIC is a medicine that produces sleep by exciting the 
brain. Ex. Opium. 

An OXYTOXIC is a medicine that contracts the uterus. Ex. Ergot. 

A PURGATIVE is a medicine that acts as a powerful cathartic. 
Ex. Chrysarobin. 

A SEDATIVE is a medicine that depresses vital force. Ex. Dilute 
1 [ydrocyanic Acid. 

A SIALAGOGUE is a medicine that increases the How of saliva. 
Ex. Mezereum. 

A STIMULANT is a medicine that increases functional activity. 
Ex. Alcohol. 

A STOMACHIC is a medicine that stimulates the stomach. Ex. 
Gentian. 

A STYPTIC is the same as haemostatic. 

A TONIC is a medicine that permanently increases the tone of the 
system by stimulating nutrition. Ex. Gentian. 

Chemical Terms. 

An ELEMENT is a substance which cannot by any known means be 
resolved into a simpler form of matter. Elements are either metallic 
or non-metallic and are capable of being separated from their com- 
pounds by the action of an electric current and collect around the 
negative and positive poles. Ex. If chloride of zinc be decomposed 
by an electric current the zinc will collect at the negative pole and the 
chlorine at the positive pole. The elements that collect at the negative 
pole are called ELECTRO POSITIVE, and are metallic elements. 
Those that collect around the positive pole are called ELECTRO NEG- 
ATIVE, and are mostly non-metallic elements. 

Prof. W. Ripley Nichols gives a list of electro positive and electro 
negative elements as follows : 

Electro Positive : Gold, Platinum, Silver, Mercury, Copper, Tin, 
Lead, Cobalt, Nickel, Iron, Zinc, Manganese, Aluminum, Magnesium, 
Calcium, Sodium, 'Potassium. 

Electro Negative : Oxygen, Sulphur, Nitrogen, Fluorine, Chlorine, 
Bromine, Iodine, Phosphorus, Arsenic, Boron, Carbon, Antimony, Sili- 
con, Hydrogen. 

A COMPOUND is a combination of two or more elements. 

COHESION is that force by which particles of like bodies are held 
together. It is great in solids, small in liquids, and apparently absent 
in gases. 

ADHESION is that force by which particles of unlike bodies are 
held together. 

CHEMICAL AFFINITY is that power which binds the atoms of a 
compound so closely together that they seem to lose all individuality. 



13 

It produces an entire change of properties in the bodies over which it is 
exerted. 

A CHEMICAL SYMBOL is a capital letter, or a capital and a small 
letter, i. It is shorthand for the name of the element. 2. It represents 
an atom of the element. 3. It stands for a constant weight of the 
element. 4. It represents single and equal volumes of gaseous elements. 

An ATOM is a particle so small that it cannot be subdivided, or it is 
the smallest particle of matter that can exist in a combined state. The 
weight gf an atom is called ATOMIC WEIGHT, and is the proportion 
in which elements combine together by weight. 

A MOLECULE is the smallest particle of matter that can exist in a 
free state, and is composed of atoms. The weight of a molecule is 
called MOLECULAR WEIGH T, and is the sum of the atomic weights 
entering into the molecule. 

COMBUSTION is that variety of chemical combination, in which 
the chemical union is so intense as to produce light and heat. 

A RADICAL is a group of atoms or a single atom which retains its 
form when transferred from one molecule to another, being a leading 
constituent of each. Ex. Hydrochloric acid. HC1. " H " is the base 
and " CI " the radical. 

An ACID is a salt of hydrogen, commonly possessing a sour taste, 
turning blue litmus red, and containing hydrogen capable of being 
replaced by a base forming a salt. Ex. Nitric acid. HN0 3 . 

An OXYACID is one whose radical contains oxygen. Ex. Nitric 
acid. HNO3. 

A HYDRACID is one whose radical contains no oxygen. Ex. 
Hydrochloric acid. HC1. 

An ANHYDRIDE is an acid from which the elements of water 
have been removed, and its chemical properties altered. Ex. If we 
remove the elements of water (H 2 0) from sulphuric acid (H 2 S0 4 ) we 
have SO.; the anhydride of sulphuric acid. 

A BASE is a body capable of replacing the hydrogen of an acid to 
produce a salt. Ex. Metals. 

A SALT is a body formed by the action of an acid on a base, or it 
is a body formed by substituting the whole or a part of the hydrogen in 
an acid by a metal. Ex. By replacing the hydrogen in sulphuric acid 
by its equivalent of iron forms sulphate of iron. Fe SO,. 

A NORMAL SALT is formed by replacing all the hydrogen of the 
acid by its equivalent of metal. Ex. Sulphate of Iron. 

An ACID SALT is formed by replacing a part of the hydrogen in 
the acid by its equivalent of metal. Ex. If we replace a part of the 
hydrogen in sulphuric acid by its equivalent of potassium we have acid 
sulphate of potassium (KHSO4). 



14 

A BASIC SALT is formed by the substitution of a metal in part for 
the hydrogen of the acid, and in part for the half or the whole of the 

HNO, 
hydrogen in water, Bi, with form Bi ONO. (Subnitrate of Bismuth), 

HX> 
or, it may be formed by replacing a part of the acid radical by its 
equivalent of oxygen. Ex. Bi+3HNO ;! =Bi (NO..).; (normal bismuth 
nitrate). NO... is a monad radical, and if it is to be replaced by 
an atom of oxygen (which is a diad) two molecules of NO ;! will have to 
be removed to make room for the oxygen thus: Bi (NO ;; ) s — (NO ; .) 2 =Bi 
NO,+0=Bi ONO,. Ex. 

QUANTIVALENCE represents the value of atoms in relation to one 
of hydrogen. Each element has a certain number of bonds equal to a 
certain number of atoms of hydrogen. The number of bonds an ele- 
ment has is marked thus : K', Ca", As'", showing that potassium 
replaces one atom of hydrogen in an acid, calcium two atoms, and 
arsenic three atoms. 

The value of all the elements may be found in a table in the last 
part of the U. S. D., 17th Edition. 

Elements having one bond are termed MONADS and called UNI- 
VALENT. Those having two bonds, DIADS and called BIVALENT. 
Those having three bonds, TRIADS and called TRIVALENT. 

ISOMERIC BODIES are bodies having the same chemical compo- 
sition, yet differing in properties. Ex. Starch and Dextrine. 

ALLOTROPIC BODIES are bodies similar in composition and con- 
stitution, yet differing in properties. Ex. Phosphorus and Red Phos- 
phorus. 

POLYMERIC BODIES are those having the same percentage com- 
position, yet differing in molecular weight and properties. They are 
multiples. Ex. Aldehyde C 2 H 4 and Paraldehyde C (i H v ,0 :i . 

AMORPHOUS BODIES are those without chrystalline form. 

ISOMORPHOUS BODIES are those that crystallize in the same 
form. 

DIMORPHOUS BODIES are those that crystallize in two distinct 
forms, belonging to different systems. 

ALCOHOLS are bodies derived from hydrocarbons by replacing one 
or more atoms of hydrogen by hydroxyl (HO). They are called mona- 
tomic, diatomic or triatomic alchohols, according as one, two or three 
atoms of hydrogen are replaced. Ex. CH 4 methane, CH-.OH methyl 
alcohol : C 2 H e ethane, C 2 H fi OH ethyl alcohol : etc. 

The hydrocarbons from which alcohols are obtained are formed from 
marsh gas or methane (CH 4 ) by the successive addition of CH 2 , the 
series being called a HOMOLOGOUS SERIES. Ex. CH 4 methane, 
QH,; ethane, C 8 H 8 propane, C 4 H, butane, QH ]2 amane. 



15 

A HETEROLOGOUS SERIES is where the different series of 
bodies as alcohols, aldehydes, acids, ethers, etc., are given together. 

A PRIMARY ALCOHOL is one in which the carbon atom in com- 
bination with hydroxy! is also directly connected with one other carbon 
atom. Ex. Butyl Alcohol, Primary C 4 H,OH, or CH 3 (CH 2 ) 2 CH.OH. 
H H H H 

I I I I 
H— C— C— C— C— OH 

I I I I 
H H PI H 

It may be seen that the characteristic primary alcohol group is 
CH 2 OH. 

A SEC< )NDARY ALCOHOL is one in which the carbon atom in com- 
bination with hydroxyl is also directly connected with two other carbon 
atoms. Ex. Butyl Alcohol. Secondary C 4 H.,OH, or CH 8 CH 2 CH 3 CHOH. 

H CH 3 

I I 
CH,— C— C— OH 

I I 
H H 

It may be seen that the characteristic group of the secondary alcohol 
is CHOH. 

A TERTIARY ALCOHOL is one in which the carbon atom in com- 
bination with hydroxy! is also connected with three other carbon atoms. 
Ex. Butyl Alcohol, Tertiary. C 4 H,OH, or (CH,). COH. 

CH, 

I 
CH,— C— OH 

I 
CH, 

AROMATIC ALCOPIOLS are bodies formed by replacing an atom of 
the side group of one of the benzene series by its equivalent of hydroxyl. 
Ex. C„H,CH, Toluene. 

H,CH,OH. Benzyl Alcohol. 

PHENOLS are bodies formed from the aromatic series of hydrocar- 
bons called the benzene series by replacing a hydrogen atom of the 
nucleus of benzene by its equivalent of hydroxyl. Ex. C (i H (i . Benzene. 

C,;H,OH Phenol. 

ALDEHYDES are bodies obtained by removing one or more mole- 
cules of hydrogen from a primary alcohol, whereby the alcohol group 
( H OH is changed to COH, which is the characteristic aldehyde group. 
Ex. CH 3 CH 2 OH. Ethyl alcohol. 
CH COH. Ethyl Aldehyde. 

ORGANIC ACIDS are bodies formed by oxidizing aldehydes, 
whereby the aldehyde group is changed to COOH, which is the charac- 
teristic acid group. They are also formed by replacing one or more 



16 

molecules of hydrogen in an alcohol by its equivalent of oxygen. Ex. 
Ill CIU)1I. Ethyl Alcohol. 
CH3COOH. Acetic Acid. 

ESTERS or COMPOUND ETHERS are bodies formed from acids 
by replacing the basic hydrogen for alcohol radicals. 

Ex. HC : II..<>,. Salicylic Acid. 

CllC,- 11,(), Methyl Salicylate. 

KETONES are bodies formed by the oxidation of secondary alco- 
hols, which contain the group CHOH as before stated, whereby one 
molecule of hydrogen is taken away and we have the characteristic 
ketone group CO remaining. They may also be obtained by substitut- 
ing an alcohol radical for the hydrogen in the aldehyde group COIi. 
Ex. CH3COH. Ethyl Aldehyde. 

CH 8 COCH 8 . Acetone. 

AMIDES are bodies obtained from ammonia by replacing the hydro 
gen by acid radicals. They are called monamides, diamides, or tria- 
mides, according as one, two or three atoms of hydrogen are replaced. 
Ex. NH 3 Ammonia. 

NH,C,H,0. Acetamide. 

AMINES are bodies obtained from ammonia by replacing the hydro- 
gen by alcohol radicals. Ex. NH ;! Ammonia. 
NH 2 C 2 H 5 Ethylamine. 

ALKAL AMIDES are bodies obtained by replacing the hydrogen in 
ammonia, partly by acid radicals and partly by alcohol radicals. 
Ex. NH 3 . Ammonia. 

NHC 2 H 5 C 2 H 8 0. Ethylacetamide. 

HYDROCARBONS are bodies containing carbon and hydrogen. 
Ex. C,;H (I Benzene. 

CARBOHYDRATES are bodies containing carbon, hydrogen and 
oxygen, the hydrogen and oxygen being in the proportion in which they 
unite to form water. Ex. C 6 H 10 O 5 Starch. 

A RATIONAL FORMULA is one which represents the different 
grouping of the atoms in the molecule. Ex. CH 3 CH 2 0H. Ethyl Alcohol. 

An EMPIRICAL FORMULA is one which simply represents the 
number of atoms of each element in the molecule, or it may be defined 
as the simplest expression of the composition of a substance. Ex. 
C 2 H (i O. Ethyl Alcohol. 

GLYCERIDES are compound ethers of the triatomic alcohol gly- 
cerin C g H 5 (OH),, and of the several fatty acids, oleic, palmitic, stearic, 
etc. Ex. C,H, (C 18 H 88 2 ) 8 . Olein or Oleate of Glyceryl. 

FATS and FIXED OILS are bodies containing the above glycer- 
ides, Oleate, Palmitate and Stearate of Glyceryl, therefore glyceryl bears 
the same relation to fats and fixed oils that ethyl does to alcohol. 



17 



LECTURE NO. 3. 



WAXES differ from fats and fixed oils in being compound ethers of 
the higher monatomic alcohol, as cetyl alcohol, etc. 

SOAPS are mixed oleates, palmitates and stearates of various 
bases. 

PREFIXES : The following definitions are those as given by Prof. 
Patch, in a paper read before the Massachusetts Pharmaceutical Associa- 
tion in 1892. 

MONO : From monos, single or alone, commonly indicates that one 
atom of the element or residue it qualifies enters into the compound. 
Ex. Pb O. Monoxide of Lead. 

PROTO : From protos, first, usually means the lowest compound in 
a series. Ex. FeO. Protoxide of Iron. 

BI or BIN : From bis, twice, indicates twice as much in value or 
saturating power when used to indicate the proportion of acid in a 
compound. Ex. KHC0 3 . Bicarbonate of Potassium. It may also 
indicate the degree of of oxidation as HgCl 2 . Bichloride of Mercury. 

DEUTO : From duo, two, or deuteros, second ; is also used to indi- 
cate the presence of two atoms of a negative element. Ex. Cr0 2 . 
Chromium Deutoxide, Binoxide or Dioxide. 

DI : From dis, twice, is not only used to indicate the proportion of 
negative elements, but also the proportion of base. Ex. The normal 
quinine sulphate is known as the Disulphate, while the acid sulphate is 
known as the Bisulphate. 

TRI : From Greek tria, three, and TER, from Latin ter, thrice, both 
indicate three atoms of a negative element or their equivalent. Ex. 
Fe_.0 ; . Teroxide or trioxide of Iron. 

SESQUI : From Latin sequi, one and a half, indicates the ratio of 
one and a half of oxygen as negative element to one of positive. Ex. 
Fe.O . Sesquioxide of Iron. 

TETRA : From Greek tetratos, fourth, is usually employed to indi- 
cate the proportion of negative element. Ex. K 2 4 . Tetraoxide of 
Potassium. 

PENTA : From Greek pente, five. 

HEPTA : Seven. 

HYPER : Means excess, higher, above, etc. It is usually con- 
tracted to PER. Perchlorides, Peroxides, Persulphates, etc., indicate 
combinations representing higher oxidation. Ex. Fe 2 ;i . Peroxide of 
Iron. 

SUPER : Means excess, and is usually applied to excess of acid in 
relation to base. Ex. KHC 4 H 4 0, ; . Supertartrate or bitartrate of potas- 
sium. 
3 



IS 

HYPO: Signifies under, beneath, lower. It is used to indicate a 
lower degree of oxidation than normal. Ex. N 2 0. Nitrous oxide com- 
bines with water (Ji.O) to form HNO. Hyponitrous Acid. 

SUB: Under, or below, qualifies the acid radical, as in subsulphate 
of iron. (Fe 4 (S0 4 ) 5 ) we have a deficiency of one molecule of sulphuric 
acid as compared with normal ferric sulphate. It is also an OXYSUL- 
PHATE and a BASIC SULPHATE. 

ORTHO : Straight; that is regular or ordinary in combination, 
orthophosphate, the commonly made salt. Na 2 HP0 4 . 

META : Beyond, between, reverse, change, etc. Ex. Metaphos- 
phoric Acid is Phosphoric Acid H ;! POi less HX) or HPO, } . 

PYRO : Fire ; that is, produced by heat. H0 7 H 5 O 5 gallic acid, less 
C0 2 becomes C (; H (i 3 . Pyrogallic acid. 

PARA : Alongside of, or equal to. Ex. C 2 H 4 aldehyde and three 
molecules is QjH^Os paraldehyde. 

OUS: Is a suffix used to denote lower oxides and their compounds, 
or lower oxyacids. Ex. H 2 S0 3 Sulphurous Acid. 

IC : Is appended to higher oxides and their compounds, or applied 
to many acids formed by direct union of the positive or basic, and one 
negative or acid element. HO. Hydrochloric Acid. 

SALT ENDINGS : A salt whose name ends in (ate) is made from 
an acid whose name ends in (ic). A salt whose name ends in (ite) is 
made from an acid whose name ends in (ous). A salt whose name ends 
in (ide) is as a rule made by the direct combination of an element with 
a base. 

A LIQUID is a substance, the molecules of which move about each 
other so freely that it readily assumes and retains the form of any vessel 
in which it is placed. 

A LIMPID LIQUID is one in which the molecules move very 
freely. Ex. Water. 

A VISCID LIQUID is one in which the molecules move very slug- 
gishly. Ex. Syrup. 

A SOLID is a substance the molecules of which are more or less 
immovable, though not probably in absolute contact. Ex. Wood. 

A GAS is a substance the molecules of which are so far apart that 
they seem to lose all attraction, and to have the property of repulsion to 
such an extent that they are only prevented from receding to a still 
greater extent by the pressure of the surrounding matter. Ex. Hydrogen. 

ANHYDROUS BODIES are compounds from which water has been 
taken away. 

WATER OF CRYSTALLIZATION is the water that a body con- 
tains in its natural state. 

DIFFUSION is the power bodies have of naturally mixing with each 
other. This power of diffusion is particularly characteristic of gases. 



19 

A MECHANICAL MIXTURE is one in which the dissolved or 
mixed bodies have undergone no chemical change. Ex. Citrated Caf- 
feine. 

A CHEMICAL COMPOUND is one in which the dissolved bodies 
have undergone a chemical change and new bodies are formed. Ex. 
Syrup Iodide of Iron. 

Botanical Terms. 

A LEAF is the expanded part of the stem. 

A BULB is an underground stem with fleshy scales. Ex. Squill. 

A ROOT is the descending axis of a plant. Ex. Gentian. 

A FRL7IT is the matured ovary. Ex. Anise. 

A RHIZOME is a creeping stem or branch growing beneath the sur- 
face of the soil, or partly covered by it. Ex. Male Fern. 

The BARK is the covering of the stem outside the wood. Ex. Cin- 
namon. 

The RIND is the outside covering of the fruit. Ex. Orange. 

A FLORET is a little flower on one of the flowers of a cluster. Ex. 
Marigold. 

A CORM is an underground stem, with central axis and only one 
layer of scales. Ex. Colchicum. 

A STAMEN is one of the male reproductive organs of the flower. 

A STIGMA is the top of the pistil, which is the female reproductive 
organ of a flower. Ex. Saffron. 

A CAPSULE is a pod. 

A STROBILE is a multiple fruit in the form of a cone or head. Ex. 
Hop. 

A TUBER is a short, thick, globular underground stem or root stalk, 
with much starch. Ex. Jalap, Potato, etc. 

An ARILLODE is a false coat or fleshy growth, covering the seed 
or fruit. Ex. Mace. 

A LEAFLET is one of the divisions or blades of a compound leaf. 
Ex. Senna. 

The CALYX is the outer set of the floral envelope of the flower. 

The COROLLA is the inner set of the floral envelope of the flower 
and is located just inside the calyx. 

The PETALS are the leaves or divisions of the corolla. Ex. Red 
Rose. 

A STYLE is a part of the pistil which bears the stigma. Ex. Corn 
Silk. 

Definitions of the classes of preparations of the U. S. P. 1890, the 
preparations themselves being treated on later, under their respective 
heads. 



:>0 

A.CETA (Medicinal Vinegars) are solutions of medicinal substances 
in dilute acetic acid. They were formerly made with vinegar as the 
solvent, but on account of the variable strength and the presence of 
extractive matters in the vinegar, the preparations were liable to decom- 
position and dilute acetic acid of definite strength (6%) was substituted. 
There are two official, namely : Opium and Squill, each containing 
10% of the drug. 

AQU.H (Medicated Waters) are preparations consisting of water 
holding volatile or gaseous substances in solution. They are prepared 
by direct solution, as in chloroform water, intermediate solution as in 
peppermint water, and by distillation, as in rose water. 

Intermediate solution consists in saturating the water with the vola- 
tile substance by the aid of some other substance. The U. S. P., 1880, 
used cotton for this purpose, but it was found to be objectionable on 
account of not thoroughly saturating the water and also in allowing 
particles of oil to pass through into the water. The U. S. P., 1890, has 
adopted precipitated phosphate of calcium as the best medium, in that 
it is insoluble and contains no soluble impurities. There are seventeen 
waters official, namely : Ammonia, stronger ammonia, bitter almond, 
anise, orange flower, camphor, chlorine, chloroform, cinnamon, creosote, 
distilled, fennel, oxygenized, peppermint, spearmint, rose, stronger rose. 

CERATA (Cerates) are unctuous substances consisting of oil or lard, 
mixed with wax, spermaceti, or resin, to which various medicaments are 
frequently added. Their consistence is intermediate between that of 
ointments and plasters. They should be kept in a cool place in well 
covered jars. It has been shown that cerates prepared with yellow wax 
keep unaltered much longer than those made with white wax. There 
are six official, namely : Simple, camphor, cantharides, spermaceti, 
lead subacetate, resin. 

CONFECTION ES (Confections) are preparations having the form 
of a soft solid, in' which one or more medicinal substances are mixed 
with saccharine matter with a view to their preservation or more con- 
venient administration. Their consistence should not be so soft, on the 
one hand, as to allow the ingredients to separate, nor so firm, on the 
other, as to prevent them from being swallowed without mastication. 
There are two official, namely : Rose, senna. 

DECOCTA (Decoctions) are solutions of vegetable principles obtained 
by boiling the substances containing them with water. Their strength 
in the U. S. P., 1880, was 10%, while in the U. S. P., 1890, it has been 
changed to 5%. 

Decoctions when prescribed and the strength not specified should be 
made 5%. There are two official, namely: Cetraria and sarsaparilla 
compound. 



21 

ELIXIRIA (Elixirs) are aromatic, sweetened, spirituous preparations 
containing small quantities of active medicinal substances. There are 
two official, namely : Aromatic, phosphorus. 

EMPLASTRA (Plasters) are solid compounds intended for external 
application, adhesive at the temperature of the human body, and of such 
a consistence as to render the aid of heat necessary in spreading them. 
They are prepared for use by spreading upon leather, linen, or muslin, 
according to the purpose for which they are intended. There are thirteen 
official, namely : Ammoniac with mercury, arnica, belladonna, capsi- 
cum, iron, mercurial, isinglass, opium, burgundy pitch, cantharidal pitch, 
lead, resin and soap. 

EMULSA (Emulsions) are liquid preparations in which oleaginous 
or resinous substances are suspended in watery fluids by the interven- 
tion of gum, yolk of eggs or other viscid matter. Natural Emulsions 
are those found in nature ready formed, as in the milky juices of plants, 
animal milk, yolk of egg, etc. Manufactured Emulsions are those made 
artificially by various methods. Emulsions are made by one of two 
methods, namely : 

English Method, which consists in placing in a mortar the emulsify- 
ing agent, mucilage, yolk of egg, etc., and adding the oil and water 
alternately in small quantities, constantly stirring until emulsification is 
complete. 

Continental Method, which consists in placing four parts of oil in a 
mortar, adding one part of powdered gum, stirring, and when a uniform 
mixture is made, adding two parts of water all at once and emulsifying, 
then adding more water, if necessary, according to the strength required. 
There are four official, namely : Ammoniac, almond, asafcetida and 
chloroform. 

EXTRACTA (Extracts) are solid preparations, resulting from the 
evaporation of solutions of vegetable principles, obtained either by 
exposing a dried drug to the action of a solvent, or by expressing the 
juice from the fresh plant. The strength of these preparations bears no 
definite relation to the drug, the amount of extract obtained depending on 
the mode of preparation, the solvent employed and the nature of the drug. 
The more aqueous the menstruum the more extract obtained, and the 
more alcoholic the less extract obtained. 

They should be kept in well-closed vessels. There are thirty-three 
official, namely : Aconite, aloes, arnica root, belladonna alcoholic, 
Indian hemp, cimicifuga, cinchona, colchicum root, colocynth, colocynth 
compound, conium, digitalis, ergot, euonymus, gentian, licorice, licorice 
pure, logwood, henbane, iris, jalap, juglans, krameria, leptandra, nux 
vomica, opium, physostigma, podophyllum, quassia, rhubarb, stramon- 
ium seed, taraxacum, and uva ursi. 



22 

KXTRACTA FLUIDA (Fluid Extracts) are practically concentrated 
tinctures, in which one cubic centimeter or fluid gram of the finished 
fluid represents the strength of a gram of the drug. 

The U. S. P. process for making fluid extracts is as follows : One 
thousand grams of the drug reduced to the proper fineness are moist- 
ened, packed, macerated and percolated to exhaustion. The first por- 
tion, from 700 to 900 C. c. of the percolate is reserved, the weaker per- 
colate is evaporated at a low temperature to the consistence of a soft 
extract, dissolved in the reserved portion, and enough menstruum added 
to make the finished preparation measure 1000 C. c. Fluid Extracts 
should be kept away from the light and in a room in which there is not 
much variation in temperature. There are eighty-nine official, namely.: 
Aconite, Canadian hemp, arnica root, aromatic, asclepias, aspidos- 
perma, bitter orange, belladonna root, buchu, calamus, columbo, canna- 
bis indica, capsicum, castanea, chimaphila, chirata, cimicifuga, cinchona, 
coca, colchicum root, colchicum seed, conium, convallaria, cubeb, cusso, 
cypripedium, digitalis, dulcamara, ergot, eriodictyon, eucalyptus, euony- 
mus, eupatorium, frangula, gelsemium, gentian, geranium, glycyrrhiza, 
cotton root, grindelia, gurana, hamamelis, hydrastis, hyoscyamus, ipecac, 
iris, krameria, lappa, leptandra, lobelia, lupulin, matico, menispermum, 
mezereum, nux vomica, pareira, poke root, pilocarpus, podophyllum, 
wild cherry, quassia, rhamus purshiana, rhubarb, rhus glabra, rose, 
rubus, rumex, sabina, sanguinaria, sarsaparilla, sarsaparilla compound, 
squill, scoparius, skullcap, senega, senna, serpentaria, spigelia, stillingia, 
stramonium seed, taraxacum, triticum, uva ursi, valerian, veratrum viride, 
viburnum opulus, viburnum prunifolium, xanthoxylum, ginger. 

The process of repercolation is much to be preferred in making fluid 
extracts in that the use of heat is done away with and the liability of 
injuring the active principle not occurring. The only objection to this 
process is that of carrying numerous reserves in stock. 

GLYCERITA (Glycerites) are solutions of medicinal substances in 
glycerin. They are sometimes called glyceroles. There are six official, 
namely : Carbolic acid, tannic acid, starch, boroglycerin, hydrastis, 
yolk of egg. 

INFUSA (Infusions) are aqueous solutions obtained by treating with 
water, without the aid of boiling, vegetable products only partially solu- 
ble in it. The water used in making them may be hot or cold, as the 
case requires, cold water being used when the active principle is highly 
volatile, or when injured by heat. The strength of the U. S. P. 1880 
infusions was 10%. 

Infusions when prescribed and the strength not specified, should be 
made of 5% strength as follows: The substance is placed in a suita- 
ble vessel provided with a cover, boiling water poured upon it and 
macerated for half an hour, covered tightly. It is then strained and 



23 

enough water added to make the required quantity. As infusions do 
not keep well they should be made in small quantities as required. 
There are four official, namely : Cinchona, digitalis, senna compound, 
wild cherry. 

LINIMENTA (Liniments) are preparations intended for external 
use, of such consistence as to render them conveniently applicable to the 
skin by gentle friction with the hand. There are nine official, namely : 
Ammonia, belladonna, lime, camphor, chloroform, soap, soft soap, 
mustard compound, turpentine. 

LIQCORES i Solutions) are aqueous solutions without sugar in which 
the substance acted on is wholly soluble in water, excluding those in 
which the dissolved matter is gaseous or very volatile, as in the aquae. 
There are twenty-four official, namely : Arsenous acid, ammonium ace- 
tate, arsenic and mercuric iodide, lime, ferric acetate, ferric chloride, fer- 
ric citrate, iron and ammonium acetate, ferric nitrate, ferric subsulphate, 
ferric sulphate, mercuric nitrate, iodine compound, magnesium citrate, 
lead subacetate, lead subacetate diluted, potassa, potassium arsenite, 
potassium citrate, soda, soda chlorinated, sodium arsenate, sodium sili- 
cate and zinc chloride. 

MISTUR.E i Mixtures) are preparations in which insoluble subtances, 
whether solid or tiuid, are suspended in watery fluids by the intervention 
of gums, yolk of egg, or other viscid matter. There are four official, 
namely : Chalk, iron compound, licorice compound, rhubarb and soda. 

MCCILAGIXES (Mucilages) are aqueous solutions of gum or of 
substances closely allied to it. There are four official, namely : Acacia, 
sassafras, tragacanth and elm. 

( >LEATA (Oleates) are solutions of certain bases in oleic acid, and 
are made by triturating the solid substance with the oleic acid until it is 
dissolved. There are three official, namely : Mercury, veratrine and zinc. 

OLEORESI.VE (Oleoresins) are preparations that consist of prin- 
ciples, which when extracted by means of ether, retain a liquid or semi- 
liquid state upon the evaporation of the menstruum, and at the same 
time have the property of self-preservation, differing in this respect 
from the rluid extracts, which require the presence of alcohol in order 
to prevent decomposition. There are six official, namely : Aspidium, 
capsicum, cubeb, lupulin, pepper and ginger. 

P1LCL.E (Pills) are globular masses of a convenient size for swal- 
lowing. Deliquescent substances should not be made into pills, and 
those which are efflorescent should be previously deprived of their water 
of crystallization. There are fifteen official, namely: Aloes, aloes and 
asafetida, aloes and iron, aloes and mastic, aloes and rmrrh, antimony 
compound, asafetida, cathartic compound, vegetable cathartic, ferrous 
carbonate, ferrous iodide, opium, phosphorus, rhubarb and rhubarb com- 
pound. 



24 

PULVERES (Powders). The form of powder is convenient for the 
exhibition of substances which are not given in very large doses, and 
are not very disagreeabe to the taste, have no corrosive property and do 
not deliquesce rapidly. There are nine official, namely : Antimonial, 
aromatic, chalk compound, effervescing compound, licorice compound, 
ipecac and opium, jalap compound, morphine compound, rhubarb com- 
pound. 

SPIRITUS (Spirits) are alcoholic solutions of volatile principles for- 
merly in general procured by distillation, but now prepared frequently 
by simply dissolving the volatile principle in alcohol or dilute alcohol. 
There are twenty-five official, namely: Ether, ether compound, nitrous 
ether, ammonia, ammonia aromatic, bitter almond, anise, orange, orange 
compound, camphor, chloroform, cinnamon, frumenti, gaultheria, glonoin, 
juniper, juniper compound, lavender, lemon, peppermint, spearmint, 
myrcia, nutmeg, phosphorus and vini gallici. 

SUPPOSITORIA (Suppositories) are solid bodies intended to be 
introduced into the rectum with a view of either evacuating the bowels 
by irritating the mucous membrane of the rectum, or of producing a 
specific effect on the neighboring parts, or on the system at large. 

The official directions for making suppositories are as follows : Having 
weighed out the medicinal ingredient or ingredients and the quantity of 
oil of theobroma required, according to the kind of suppository to be 
prepared, mix the medicinal portion (previously brought to the proper 
consistence, if necessary) with a small quantity of oil of theobroma, by 
rubbing them together, and add the mixture to the remainder of the oil 
of theobroma, previously melted and cooled to 35 C (95 F). Then mix 
thoroughly without applying more heat, and immediately pour the mixture 
into suitable moulds. The moulds must be kept cold by being placed on 
ice, or by immersion in ice water before the melted mass is poured in. 

Unless otherwise specified suppositories should have the following 
weights and shapes corresponding to their uses. Rectal Suppositories 
should be cone shaped, and of a weight of about one gram (i$$ grains). 
Urethal Suppositories should be pencil shaped, and of a weight of about 
one gram (15J grains). Vaginal Suppositories should be globular and 
of a weight of about three grams (46 grains). There is one official, 
namely : Glycerin. 

SYRUPI (Syrups) are concentrated solutions of sugar in aqueous 
fluids, either with or without medicinal impregnation. There are thirty- 
two official, namely : Simple, acacia, citric acid, hydriodic acid, garlic, 
althaea, almond, orange, orange flowers, calcium lactophosphate, lime, 
ferrous iodide, iron quinine and strychnine phosphates, hypophos- 
phites, hypophosphites with iron, ipecac, krameria, lactucarium, tar, 
wild cherry, rhubarb, rhubarb aromatic, rose, rubus, raspberry, sarsa- 
parilla compound, squill, squill compound, senega, senna, tolu, ginger. 



25 



LECTURE NO. 4. 



TIXCTUR.K ^Tinctures) are alcoholic solutions of medicinal sub- 
stances, prepared by maceration, digestion or percolation. The official 
tinctures are made by percolation. There are seventy-one official, 
namely : Aconite, aloes, aloes and myrrh, arnica Mowers, arnica root, 
asafetida, bitter orange peel, sweet orange peel, belladonna leaves, ben- 
zoin, benzoin compound, bryonia, calendula, columbo, cannabis indica, 
cantharides, capsicum, cardamom, cardamom compound, catechu com- 
pound, chirata, cimicifuga, cinchona, cinchona compound, cinnamom, 
colchicum seed, crocus, cubeb, digitalis, ferric chloride, nutgall, gelse- 
mium, gentian compound, guaiac, guaiac ammoniated, hops, hydrastis, 
henbane, iodine, ipecac and opium, kino, krameria, lactucarium, laven- 
der compound, lobelia, matico, musk, myrrh, nux vomica, opium, opium 
camphorated, opium deodorized, physostigma, pyrethrum, quassia, quil- 
laja, rhubarb, rhubarb aromatic, rhubarb sweet, sanguinaria, squill, ser- 
pentaria, stramonium seed, strophanthus, sumbul, tolu, valerian, valerian 
ammoniated, vanilla, veratrum viride, ginger. 

TROCHISCT (Troches) sometimes called LOZENGES, are small, 
dry. solid masses, usually of a flattened shape, consisting for the most 
part of powders incorporated with sugar and mucilage. There are 
fifteen official, namely : Tannic acid, ammonium chloride, catechu, 
chalk, cubeb, iron, licorice and opium, ipecac, krameria, peppermint, 
morphine and ipecac, potassium chlorate, santonin, sodium bicarbonate, 
and ginger. 

UNGUENT A (Ointments) are fatty substances, softer than cerates, 
of a consistency like that of butter, and such that they may be readily 
applied to the skin by inunction. There are twenty-three official, namely : 
Simple, carbolic acid, tannic acid, rose water, belladonna, chrysarobin, 
diachylon, nutgall, mercurial, mercury ammoniated, mercuric nitrate, 
yellow mercuric oxide, red mercuric oxide, iodine, iodoform, tar, lead 
carbonate, lead iodide, potassium iodide, stramonium, sulphur, vera- 
trine, zinc oxide. 

VINA MEDIGATA (Medicated Wines) are solutions of rnedieinal 
substances in white wine. There are eight official, namely : Antimony, 
colchicum root, colchicum seed, ergot, iron bitter, ferric citrate, ipecac, 
opium. 

Inorganic Pharmacv. 

ACIDS. 

ACIDUM ARSEN'OSUM (Arsenous acid; As,(),. Arsenic Trioxide, 

White Arsenic, Arsenious Acid, Arsenious Anhydride. 

It is not a true acid, but an anhydride, obtained by roasting arsenical 
ores and purified by sublimation. 
4 



26 

There are two varieties in the market, namely : Glassy and opaque. 
The glassy is the more soluble and on exposure to the air for sometime 
it becomes opaque. The powdered acid as found in the shops is often 
adulterated with calcium sulphate, chalk, or powdered lime, which may 
bo detected by heating the mixture sufficiently to vaporize the arsenous 
acid, and the impurities will remain behind. It is official in solution of 
arsenous acid and solution arsenite of potassium. 

It is an alterative. Dose : .j T o to fo of a gr. (0.002 to 0.003 g m -) 

The antidote to poisoning by it is hydrated oxide of iron with mag- 
nesia. 

The most common method of identifying arsenic is MARSH'S 
TEST, which consists in generating hydrogen in a flask with sulphuric 
acid, zinc and water; the gas is passed through a glass tube drawn out 
to a small point ; after the gas has been coming over for a short time add 
some of the suspected solution containing arsenic to the flask and ignite 
the gas at the small point on the tube and allow the flame to play on a 
porcelain plate ; if arsenic or antimony is present a black metallic 
mirror will be deposited on the plate. The two metals may be distin- 
guished by adding to the spot a drop or two of fuming nitric acid and 
heating : arsenic will thus be converted into soluble arsenic acid, pre- 
cipitated brick red by nitrate of silver ; antimony, on the other hand, 
into insoluble antimonic acid. Another way to distinguish one from the 
other is to add a little solution of chlorinated lime, which will dissolve 
the arsenic without affecting the antimony. 

LIQUOR ACIDI ARSENOSI (Solution of Arsenous Acid) Hydro- 
chlorate Solution of Arsenic. 

Contains 1% of arsenous acid and 5% of hydrochloric acid to aid in 
its solubility in water. Used for the same purpose as Fowler's Solution. 

Dose : 2 to 8 minims (0.12 to 0.5 C. c). 

LIQUOR POTASSII ABSENITIS (Solution of Potassium Arsen- 
ite) Fowler's Solution. 

Contains 1 % of arsenous acid with potassium bicarbonate, water and 
compound tincture of lavender, which is added to impart a color so that 
it may not be mistaken for water. 

It is incompatible with the salts of iron, magnesium and calcium. 

Used as an alterative. Dose : 5 drops (0.3 C. a). 

ACIDUM BORICUM (Boric Acid) H 3 B0 3 . Obtained from the lakes 
in Tuscany which contain it, by evaporating and crystallizing. It is 
also obtained from borax by the action of hydrochloric acid. Soluble 
in 25.6 parts of water and 15 of alcohol, and the addition of hydro- 
chloric acid increases its solubility in water. 

It is antiseptic. Dose: 10 grains (0.647 S m -)- Official in Glycerite 
of Boroglycerin. 



27 

GLYCERITUM BOROGLYCERINI (Glycerite of Boroglycerin). 

Glycerite of Glyceryl Borate, Solution of Boroglyceride. 

Prepared by heating 310 grams of boric acid with 460 grams of gly- 
cerin. When dissolved continue the heat at i5o"C (302°F) frequently 
stirring and breaking the film which gathers on the surface. When the 
mixture has been reduced to the weight of 500 grams add 500 grams of 
glycerin. 

ACIDUM CHROMICUM (Chromic Acid) Chromic Anhydride. 
CrO, 

It is not a true acid, but an anhydride, obtained by acting on potas- 
sium bichromate with sulphuric acid. 

It should be kept in glass-stoppered bottles and care used not to bring 
it in contact with organic matter as glycerin, alcohol, sugar, tannic acid, 
cork, etc., as violent and dangerous decomposition is apt to occur. 

It is antiseptic and disinfectant. Dose : J grain (0.016 gm.). 

ACIDUM HYDROBROMICUM DILUTUM (Diluted Hydro- 
bromic Acid) HBr. 

Contains 10^ by weight of absolute acid and go r / by weight of 
water. 

Prepared by acting on potassium bromide with tartaric acid, also by 
passing sulphuretted hydrogen through a mixture of bromine and 
water (the sulphur of the sulphuretted hydrogen separating). It unites 
with water and alcohol in all proportions. Its action is the same as 
that of potassium bromide. 

Dose : 1 to 2 rluid drachms (3.75 to 7.50 C. a). 

ACIDUM HYDROCHLORICUM (Hydrochloric Acid) HCl. Spirit 
of Sea Salt. Marine Acid, Muriatic Acid, Chlorhydic Acid. 

Contains 31.9$ of absolute acid and 68.i f /o water, and should be 
kept in dark amber glass-stoppered bottles. 

Prepared by the action of sulphuric acid on sodium chloride and 
passing the gas into water. Also obtained in the process of converting 
sodium chloride into sodium carbonate. 

The acid and its preparations are incompatible with alkalies, metallic 
oxides, sulphides, potassium tartrate, tartar emetic, silver nitrate, lead 
compounds, etc. 

When exposed to the air the escaping acid gas unites with the moist- 
ure in the air, causing white fumes. 

It is tonic, refrigerant and antiseptic. Dose: 5 to 10 minims (o.^ 
to 0.6 C. c.) Antidotes : Dilute alkaline solutions, magnesia, soap, etc. 
It is official in dilute hydrochloric acid, nitrohydrochloric acid and dilute 
nitiohydrochloric acid. 

ACIDUM HYDROCHLORICl M DILUTUM (Diluted Hydro- 
chloric Acid;. 



28 

Contains 10% by weight of absolute acid, and is prepared by mixing 
together ioo grams of hydrochloric acid and 219 grams of water. 

Dose : 15 to 30 minims (0.92 to 1.85 C. c). 

ACIDUM HYDROCYANICUM DILUTUM (Diluted Hydrocy- 
anic Acid) HCN. Prussic Acid, Cyanhydric Acid. 

Contains 2% by weight of absolute acid and 98% of water. It is 
prepared by heating together potassium ferrocyanide and diluted sul- 
phuric acid and passing the gas into water. Also may be prepared by 
acting on silver cyanide with hydrochloric acid. 

It is very poisonous and unstable, and should be kept in well corked 
bottles in a dark place. Dose : 1 to 3 minims (.06 to 0.18 C.c.) Used 
as a sedative. 

Its antidotes are nitrite of amyl and ammonia vapors. 

ACIDUM NITROHYDROCHLORICUM (Nitrohydrochloric Acid). 
Aqua Regia, so named on account of its property of dissolving gold. 

Prepared by mixing together 180 C.c. of nitric acid and 820 C.c. of 
hydrochloric acid in a capacious vessel, and, when effervescence has 
ceased pouring the product into dark amber-colored bottles with glass 
stoppers, which should not be more than half filled and kept in a cool 
place. 

When these acids are mixed together, nitrosyl chloride, free chlorine 
and water are formed. It has an orange color, soon changing to a 
golden yellow and having a strong odor of chlorine. It should be kept 
in a cool dark place on account of its liability of losing chlorine by 
heat, and to have its chlorine converted into hydrochloric acid by the 
action of light and the decomposition of water, which would be an 
objection to its use. 

The strong acid is preferable to the dilute. It should never be com- 
pounded with strong alcoholic liquids, as explosion might result from 
the formation of gases. 

It is used in hepatic affections and in dyspepsia. Dose : 3 to 6 
drops (0.18 to 0.36 C.c.) The strong acid is preferable to the dilute. 

ACIDUM NITROHYDROCHLORICUM DILUTUM (Dilute 
Nitrohydrochloric Acid). Contains 4% of nitric acid, iS°/ of hydrochlo 
ric acid with water. The acids should be mixed in a capacious vessel, 
and when effervescence has ceased, add the distilled water. The pro- 
duct should be kept in dark amber-colored, glass-stoppered bottles, in a 
cool place. 

Between dilute nitric and hydrochloric acids no reaction takes place 
therefore the strong acids should be mixed first. 

Dose : 10 to 20 drops (0.6 to 1.25 C.c). 

ACIDUM HYPOPHOSPHOROSUM DILUTUM (Diluted Hypo- 
phosphorus Acid). A liquid composed of about io°/ by weight of abso- 
lute acid (HPH 2 L ;) and about 90% of water. 



29 

Prepared by boiling phosphorus with milk of lime, and decomposing 
the calcium hypophosphite with a strong acid. Also prepared by the 
action of tartaric acid dissolved in dilute alcohol on potassium hypo- 
phosphite dissolved in water. The alcohol aids in the precipitation of 
the potassium bitartrate. 

It is of great value in preserving preparations containing iodides 
liable to decomposition through exposure to light and air. It mixes in 
all proportions with water or alcohol. Care should be taken not to tri- 
turate the salts of this acid with organic substances, since explosion is 
liable to occur. 

Used in preparing syrup of hypophosphites. Dose : 10 to 30 minims 
(0.62 to 1.85 C.c). 

ACIDUM NITRICUM (Nitric Acid) HNO,. Spirit of Nitre. Aqua 
Fortis. 

Contains 6S% by weight of absolute acid and 32% of water, and 
should be kept in dark amber glass-stoppered bottles. Prepared by dis- 
tilling together a mixture of potassium nitrate or sodium nitrate and 
sulphuric acid. 

It is an extremely sour and corrosive liquid. It acts on organic tis- 
sues, such as nails, skin, etc., turning them yellow. 

Great care should be used in transporting it, for if the strong acid 
comes in contact with a quantity of vegetable substances like hay, tow, 
excelsior, paper, etc. fire is apt to occur. 

It is a tonic, antiseptic and astringent. Dose : 5 to 10 minims 
(0.3 to 0.6 C.c). 

Antidotes : Alkaline solutions, soap, magnesia, chalk in large doses, 
olive and almond oil. Official in the dilute acid. 

ACIDUM NITRICUM DILUTUM (Diluted Nitric Acid). 

Contains 10% by weight of absolute acid, and is prepared by mixing 
100 grams of nitric acid with 580 grams of distilled water. 

Its medical properties are the same as that of the strong acid. Dose : 
20 to 40 drops or minims (1.25 to 2.5 C.c). 

ACIDUM PHOSPHORICUM (Phosphoric Acid) H,PG 4 . Ortho- 
phosphoric Acid. 

Contains 85% by weight of absolute acid and 15% of water, and 
should be kept in glass-stoppered bottles. 

Prepared by acting on phosphorus with nitric acid in the presence of 
water, as follows : 

Place the nitric acid diluted with water in a flask, add the phospho- 
rus to the flask, connect it with a vertical glass condenser, boil so that 
all the condensed products shall return to the flask, continue boiling 
until the phosphorus has disappeared, remove the condenser, concentrate 
the liquid until orange colored vapors are no longer given off, and mix 
with distilled water to make the required strength. 



30 

If orthophosphoric acid be heated for a considerable time t0 2i5°C 
(4i9°F) two molecules of the acid lose one molecule of water and yield 
pyrophosphoric acid thus : 2H..PO, or H, ; P,O s — H,0=H 4 P,() r . At a 
red heat the orthophosphoric acid is converted into metamosphoric acid 
thus : H ;i P0 4 — H 2 0=HPO;.„ which is a transparent ice-like solid. 

Metaphosphoric acid coagulates albumen and gives white, gelatinous, 
uncrystallizable precipitates with salts of lime, barium and silver: Pyro- 
phosphoric acid does not coagulate albumen, and, though it causes a 
white precipitate with silver nitrate, must first be neutralized : Ortho- 
phosphoric acid does not coagulate albumen, but after neutralization, 
with silver nitrate (with which it then precipitates) throws down a yellow 
precipitate of silver phosphate. Metaphosphoric acid should be used 
in prescriptions with pyrophosphate of iron as the orthophosphoric acid 
is incompatible with it. Orthophosphoric acid should be used in pre- 
scriptions containing chloride of iron, as metaphosphoric acid is incom- 
patible with it. 

Sulphuric acid may be detected in it by diluting the acid with water, 
adding barium chloride test solution, which causes a precipitate. Hydro- 
chloric acid may be detected by adding to the diluted acid, silver nitrate 
test solution, which causes a precipitate. Pyrophosphoric and Metaphos- 
phoric acids may be detected by the addition of an equal volume of 
tincture of ferric chloride, causing a precipitate on standing. 

Used in making the dilute acid. 

ACIDUM PPIOSPHORICUM DILUTUM (Diluted Phosphoric 
Acid). 

Prepared by mixing together 100 grams of phosphoric acid and 750 
grams of distilled water, and contains 10% by weight of absolute acid. 
On long keeping it becomes stringy, owing to the formation of a micro- 
scopic plant. 

It is tonic and refrigerant. Dose : 20 to 60 drops (1.25 to 3.75 C.c ).- 

ACIDUM SULPHURICUM (Sulphuric Acid) H 2 S0 4 . Oil of Vit- 
riol, Vitriolic Acid. Contains 92.5% of absolute acid and 7.5% of 
water, and should be kept in glass-stoppered bottles. 

Prepared by burning sulphur or iron pyrites (sulphide of iron) and 
allowing the product of combustion S0 2 , to mix with nitrous fumes 
obtained by the. decomposition of nitrate of potash, which changes the 
S0 2 into SO ;: . and this uniting with steam, forms H 2 S0 4 . 

It unites with water in all proportions and much heat is evolved when 
the two fluids are mixed together. The most common impurities are 
arsenous acid and lead sulphate. 

It acts as a powerful caustic on living tissues. It is never used full 
strength internally. Antidotes : Large quantities of magnesia or solu- 
tion of soap. Official in the dilute acid and aromatic sulphuric acid. 



31 

ACIDUM SULPHURICUM DILUTUM (Diluted Sulphuric Acid). 

Prepared by mixing together ioo grams of sulphuric acid and 825 
grams of distilled water, and contains 10% by weight of absolute acid. 

It is tonic, refrigerant and astringent. Dose : 10 to 30 drops (0.6 to 
1.9 C.c). 

ACIDUM SULPHURICUM AROMATICUM (Aromatic Sulphuric 
AcidK Elixir Vitriol. 

Contains 2o r / c of the official acid, with oil of cinnamon, tincture of 
ginger and alcohol, and should be kept in glass-stoppered bottles. 

It is a tonic and astringent. Dose : 10 to 30 drops (0.6 to 1.9 C.c.) 

ACIDUM SULPHUROSUM (Sulphurous Acid) H,SO,. 

Contains about 6.4% by weight of absolute acid gas, (S0 2 ) and about 
of water. 

Prepared by heating sulphuric acid and charcoal and passing the gas 
into water. When exposed to the air it slowly absorbs oxygen and is 
converted into sulphuric acid. 

It is antiseptic and germacide. Dose : 1 fluid drachm (3.75 C.c.) 
largely diluted with water. 

Aluminum Compounds. 

ALUMEN (Alum) A1,K, (S0 4 ) 4 , 24 H,G, Potassa Alum, Aluminum 
and Potassium Sulphate. 

Obtained principally from alum stone, which is a native mixture of 
aluminum sulphate and potassium sulphate. Also obtained from alum- 
inous shist, which is a mixture of iron disulphide with aluminia, silica 
and bituminous matter. On exposure to the air the crystals are liable 
to absorb ammonia, and acquire a whitish coating. Soluble in water 
and glycerin, but insoluble in alcohol. 

It is ^incompatible with the alkalies and their carbonates, lime and 
lime water, magnesia and its carbonate, potassium tartrate, and lead 
acetate. 

It is a powerful astringent. Dose : 10 to 60 grains (0.65 to 3.9 grams). 
Used in making'dried alum. 

ALUMEN EXSICCATUM (Dried Alum) Alumen Ustum, Burnt 
Alum. AkK, (SO,),. 

Prepared by heating alum on a water bath until it loses its water 
of crystallization. It attracts moisture on exposure to the air. Soluble 
in water. It is astringent and mild escharotic. 

ALUMINI HYDRAS (Aluminum Hydrate) Al/OH), Hydrated 
Alumina. 

Prepared by precipitating a solution of alum with one of sodium car- 
bonate. Insoluble in water and alcohol, but soluble in hydrochloric or 
sulphuric acids. 

It is feebly astringent and dessicant, 



32 

ALUMINI SULPHAS (Aluminum Sulphate). A1 2 (S0 4 ) 3 , 16 H 2 0. 
Prepared by acting on aluminum hydrate with sulphuric acid. Solu- 
ble in water and insoluble in alcohol. It is antiseptic and mild caustic. 

Ammonium Compounds. 
.AQUA AMMONLE (Ammonia Water). Solution of Ammonia. An 
aqueous solution of ammonia, containing not less than 10% by weight 
of the gas (NH 8 ). 

Prepared by heating ammonium chloride with lime and passing the 
gas into water. Also made by diluting the stronger water. Ineompatr 
ble with acids, and with acidulous and many earthy and metallic salts. 

It is stimulant, irritant, and caustic. Used in making ammonia lini- 
ment and aromatic spirit of ammonia. 

L1NIMENTUM AMMONITE (Ammonia Liniment). Volatile Lini- 
ment. Contains ammonia water, cotton seed oil, and a little alcohol to 
prevent immediate separation. The ammonia reacts with the oil to 
form a- soap, which is partly dissolved and partly suspended in water, 
producing a white, opaque emulsion. Used as a rubifacient. 

SPIRITUS AMMONI/E AROMATICUS (Aromatic Spirit of Am- 
monia). Compound Spirit of Ammonia. 

Contains ammonium carbonate, ammonia water, oil of lemon, oil of 
lavender flowers, oil of nutmeg, alcohol and water. The carbonate of 
ammonia is a mixture of carbamate and bicarbonate of ammonia. The 
ammonia water converts the bicarbonate into carbamate, which is solu- 
ble in alcohol, wihle the bicarbonate is. not. 

It gradually becomes darker on standing any length of time. 

It is a stimulant antacid. Dose : 30 to 60 drops (1.9 to 3.75 C.c). 

AQUA AMMONIA FORTIOR (Stronger Ammonia Water). Con- 
tains 28% by weight of the gas in water. 

Prepared on a large scale from gas liquor, which is principally am- 
monium sulphide, by distilling and converting into ammonium sulphate, 
with sulphuric acid, then distilling the sulphate with milk of lime. 

SPIRITUS AMMONIA (Spirit of Ammonia). Ammoniated Alcohol. 
Contains 10% by weight of the gas. 

Prepared by heating stronger water of ammonia and passing the gas 
into alcohol. 

It is stimulant and anti-spasmodic. Dose : 10 to 30 drops (0.6 to 1.9 
C.c). 

AMMONII BENZOAS (Ammonium Benzoate) NH 4 QH.A- 

Prepared by dissolving benzoic acid in ammonia water mixed with 
water, evaporating, keeping the ammonia in slight excess, and setting 
aside to crystallize. It gradually loses ammonia on exposure to the air. 
Soluble in water and alcohol. 

It is a stimulant diuretic. Dose : 10 to 30 grains (0.65 to 1.95 gms.). 



LECTURE NO. 5. 

AMMONII BROMIDUM (Ammonium Bromide) NH 4 Br. 

Prepared by dissolving bromine in ammonia water, evaporating and 
granulating. Also by double decomposition between solutions of am- 
monium sulphate and potassium bromide. 

On exposure to the air it gradually becomes yellowish, on account of 
partial decomposition by which hydrobromic acid is liberated. Soluble 
in water and alcohol. Incompatible with acids, acid salts and spirit of 
nitrous ether. 

Used for the same purposes as potassium bromide. Dose : i to 2 
drachms a day (3.9 to 7.8 gms.). 

AMMONII CARBONAS (Ammonium Carbonate) NH 4 HCO„ NH 4 , 
NH,C0 2 . Called Sal Volatile, Volatile Salt. 

Prepared by subliming together a mixture of ammonium chloride or 
sulphate with calcium carbonate, and should be kept in well stoppered 
bottles, in a cool place. 

When exposed to the air for any length of time it loses ammonia 
and carbonic acid gas, and becomes covered with a whitish coating 
of ammonium bicarbonate (acid carbonate). It is soluble in water. 
It is cardiac stimulant. Dose : 5 grains (0.33 gms.). 

Official in aromatic spirit of ammonia and solution ammonium acetate. 

LIQUOR AMMONII ACETATIS (Solution of Ammonium Ace- 
tate) Spirit of Mindererus. 

Prepared by adding ammonium carbonate to dilute acetic acid until 
the solution is slightly acid in reaction. It should be prepared fresh 
when wanted for use, because its acid becomes decomposed and a por- 
tion of ammonium carbonate is generated. 

It is diaphoretic. Dose : £ to i£ fluid ounce (15 to 45 C.c). Official 
in solution iron and ammonium acetate. 

LIQUOR FERRI ET AMMONII ACETATIS (Solution of Iron 
and Ammonium Acetate) Basham's Mixture. 

Contains tincture of ferric chloride, dilute acetic acid, solution of 
ammonium acetate, aromatic elixir, glycerin and water. The glycerin 
is used as a preservative. 

It is chalybeate and astringent. Dose : £ to 1 fluid oz. (15 to 30 C.c). 

AMMONII CHLORIDUM 'Ammonium Chloride) NH 4 C1, Muriate 
of Ammonia, Sal Ammoniac, Hydrochlorate of Ammonia. 

Prepared by saturating gas liquor with sulphuric acid, evaporating, 
and subliming the ammonium sulphate obtained with sodium chloride. 

Also obtained from bone spirit, a by-product in the destructive distil- 
lation of bones, in the manufacture of bone-black ; it may also be 
obtained from stale urine, coal soot, guano, peat and bituminous schist. 
5 



34 

Permanent in the air. Soluble in water and insoluble in alcohol. 

It has the stimulant properties of ammonia. Dose: 5 to 10 grains 
(0.33 to 0.65 gms.) Official in the troche. 

TROCHISCI AMMONII CHLORIDI (Troches of Ammonium 
Chloride). 

Contains ammonium chloride, extract of licorice, tragacanth, sugar 
and syrup of tolu. Each troche contains ijgrs. of ammonium chloride. 

AMMONII IODIDUM (Ammonium Iodide) NH 4 I. Prepared by 
dissolving a mixture of ammonium sulphate and potassium iodide in 
boiling water, cooling and adding alcohol to aid in precipitation of the 
potassium sulphate. It should be kept in small, well-stoppered bottles, 
protected from light. 

The salt becomes yellow or yellowish brown on exposure to air and 
light, owing to the loss of ammonia and the elimination of iodine. Sol- 
uble in water and alcohol. 

It is resolvent. Dose : 3 to 5 grains (0.2 to 0.33 gms.) 

AMMONII NITRAS (Ammonium Nitrate) NH 4 N0 3 , Inflammable 
Nitre. Prepared by saturating nitric acid with ammonium carbonate, 
filtering and evaporating. 

Deliquescent when exposed to the air. Soluble in water and alcohol. 

Used in preparing nitrous oxide gas or Laughing Gas. 

AMMONII VALERIANAS (Ammonium Valerianate) NH 4 C 5 H 9 2 . 

Prepared by saturating valerianic acid with gaseous ammonia, and 
allowing to crystallize. It should be kept in well-stoppered bottles. 

Deliquescent in moist air and efflorescent in dry air. Soluble in 
water and alcohol. 

Used in nervous diseases. Dose : 2 to 8 grains (0.13 to 0.52 gms.). 

Antimony Compounds. 

ANTIMONIUM (Antimony) Sb. It is a silver white metallic ele- 
ment obtained principally in Germany and France and exists in nature 
as a sulphide Sb 2 S 3 , oxysulphide Sb 2 3 Sb 2 S.3, antimony teroxide Sb 2 8 , 
and in a free state. It forms three compounds with oxygen, antimony 
trioxide Sb 2 3 , antimony tetroxide Sb 2 4 , antimony pentoxide Sb 2 5 . 

ANTIMONII ET POTASSII TARTRAS (Antimony and Potas- 
sium Tartrate) 2 KSbOC 4 H 4 (i ,H 2 0, Tartar Emetic, Tartarized Anti- 
mony. 

Prepared by boiling together oxide of antimony and potassium bitar- 
trate with water, evaporating and crystallizing. 

Soluble in water and insoluble in alcohol. It is incompatible with 
acids, alkalies and their carbonates, some of the earths and metals, cal- 
cium chloride, lead acetate, lead subacetate, astringent infusions and 
decoctions, but these astringent bodies, except galls, do not render it 
inert, though they lessen its activity. In case of poisoning wash out 



55 

the stomach with solutions of tannic acid, then give stimulants, opi- 
ates, etc. 

It often contains as impurities cream of tartar, calcium tartrate, iron, 
sulphates and chlorides. 

Dose, as an alterative : -V to y i; of a grain (0.002 to 0.004 g ms -)> as a 
diaphoretic or expectorant: rs to I of a grain (0.005 to 0.01 gms.), as 
a sudorific : J to J of a grain, (0.0 1 to 0.016 gms.), as an emetic : J grain 
(0.03 gm.\ 

Official in compound syrup of squill and wine of antimony. 

VINUM ANTIMONII (Wine of Antimony) Antimonial Wine. 

Prepared by dissolving tartar emetic in boiling distilled water, and 
adding to white wine containing a little alcohol. 

It contains .\ r t { tartar emetic. Dose : 10 to 30 drops (0.6 to 1.9 C.c). 

ANTIMONII OXIDUM (Antimony Oxide) Sb,0„ Antimony Ter- 
oxide. Antimony Trioxide. 

Prepared by adding sodium carbonate to a solution chloride of anti- 
mony. Permanent in the air. Almost insoluble in water and insoluble 
in alcohol. Soluble in hydrochloric, and tartaric acid, or in a boiling 
solution of potassium bitartrate. 

It is alterative Dose : 3 grains (0.2 gms.) Official in antimonial 
powder. 

PULVIS AN TIMOXIALIS (Antimonial Powder) James's Powder, 
Compound Powder of Antimony. 

Contains 33% of antimony oxide and 67% of precipitated calcium 
phosphate. 

As often found it is insoluble in water, but usually a small portion, 
consisting of antimonite and acid calcium phosphate dissolves in boiling 
distilled water. 

It is alterative, diaphoretic and purgative. Dose: as a diaphoretic, 3 
to 8 grains (0.2 to 0.52 gms.). 

ANTIMONII SULPHIDUM (Antimony Sulphide) Sb,S,. Anti- 
mony Trisulphide, Black Antimony. 

Obtained from the native sulphide, called "antimony ore" by fusion. 

Much of the black antimony of commerce contains no antimonv 
whatever, but consists of powdered charcoal and marble mixed together. 
Permanent in the air. Insoluble in water and alcohol, but soluble in 
hydrochlorine acid. 

It is diaphoretic and alterative. Dose : 10 to 30 grains (0.65 to 1.95 
gms.;. 

ANTIMONII SULPHIDUM PURIFICATUM (Purified Antimony 
Sulphide;. Sb,S ; , 

Prepared by freeing antimony sulphide from the coarser particles by 
elutriation, macerating with ammonia water to remove any arsenic or 
copper that may be present, washing and drying. 



36 

Permanent in the air. Insoluble in water or alcohol. Used in pre- 
paring Kermes's Mineral. 

ANTIMONIUM SULPHURATUM (Sulphurated Antimony) Sb 2 S 3 , 
Kermes's Mineral. It is a mixture of principally Antimony Trisul- 
phide Sb L ,S.., and a small quantity of Antimony Trioxide Sb 2 3 . 

Prepared by boiling purified antimony sulphide with solution of soda, 
which forms sodium antimonite, adding dilute sulphuric acid as long 
as a precipitate is produced, and should be kept in well-stoppered 
bottles, away from the light. 

It is an amorphous reddish brown powder, which becomes lighter on 
exposure to the air. Insoluble in water or alcohol, but soluble in hydro- 
chloric acid. 

It is alterative, diaphoretic and emetic. Dose : i to 5 grains (0.065 
to 0325 gms.) Official in compound pills of antimony. 

PILULE ANTIMONII COMPOSITA (Compound Pills of Anti- 
mony). Plummer's Pills, Compound Calomel Pills, Compound Pills of 
Subchloride of Mercury. 

Contain sulphurated antimony, calomel, guaiac, and castor oil. Dose : 
1 to 2 pills. 

Arsenic Compounds. 

ARSENIC (not arsenous acid) is a steel grey metallic element 
obtained by heating arsenous acid with charcoal, or on a large scale by 
heating arsenical pyrites in earthen tubes, when the metal sublimes and 
sulphide of iron is left. Arsenic forms two oxides with oxygen, namely : 
arsenous oxide, Aso0 3 , the official arsenous acid, and arsenic oxide 
As 2 0,. 

ARSENI IODIDUM (Arsenic Iodide) Asl 3 . 

Prepared by the direct combination of arsenic with iodine, or by evap- 
orating to dryness an aqueous solution of arsenous acid and one of 
hydriodic acid, and should be kept in glass-stoppered bottles, in a cool 
place, protected from light. 

It gradually loses iodine on exposure to the air. Soluble in water 
and alcohol. Used externally in skin diseases. Dose : I gr. (0.008 gm.). 

Barium Compounds. 

BARIUM is the metal present in baryta (barium oxide), which is 
obtained from the native carbonate or sulphide. It is difficultly fusible, 
of a silver gray color, decomposing water readily, and is considerably 
heavier than sulphuric acid. 

BARII DIOXIDUM (Barium Dioxide) Ba'O,, Barium Peroxide. 

Prepared by heating barium oxide in a current of air, and should be 
kept in well-closed vessels. When exposed to the air it slowly attracts 
moisture and carbon dioxide, and is gradually decomposed. It is used 
in making solution hydrogen peroxide. 



37 

AQUA HYDROGENII DIOXIDI (Solution Hydrogen Dioxide) 
H..,0 2 . Oxygenized Water, Oxygen Hydrate, Solution Hydrogen Per- 
oxide. 

Prepared by mixing barium dioxide with water, decomposing with 
phosphoric acid, forming hydrogen dioxide in solution and barium phos- 
phate precipitated. The barium phosphate is filtered out and any trace 
of barium salt is removed by the addition of sulphuric acid, which pre- 
cipitates the insoluble barium sulphate ; it is then filtered through 
starch to prevent the fine barium sulphate from passing through the 
filter, and adjusted to the strength of 3% by weight of pure dioxide, 
equal to ten volumes of available oxygen. It has an acid reaction, owing 
to a little free acid that is left in it to prevent decomposition. It dete- 
riorates by age, exposure to heat or protracted agitation. Alkalies 
decompose it with the formation of oxygen gas and water. It is a pow- 
erful antiseptic. 

Bismuth Compounds. 

BISMUTH UM (Bismuth) Bi is a crystalline metal occurring as a 
sulphide, rarely as an oxide, and is found principally in Saxony. It 
is a brittle, pulverizable, brilliant metal of a crystalline form, having a 
white color and reddish tint. As it occurs in commerce it is generally 
contaminated with other metals, principally arsenic. 

The garlicky odor often given to the breath after taking bismuth salts 
is said to be due to traces of tellurium, and by some is claimed to be 
due to arsenic. 

BISMUTHI CITRAS (Bismuth Citrate) BiC 6 H 5 7 . 

Prepared by boiling bismuth subnitrate with citric acid and water, 
adding water, collecting the precipitate, washing and drying. Perma- 
nent in the air. Insoluble in water or alcohol, but soluble in ammonia 
water. Used in preparing bismuth and ammonia. 

BISMUTHI ET AMMONII CITRAS (Bismuth and Ammonium 
Citrate). 

Prepared by dissolving bismuth citrate in ammonia water, filtering, 
evaporating on glass plates and scaling, and should be kept in small, 
well-stoppered bottles, away from the light. 

It becomes opaque on exposure to the air. Soluble in water, and 
sparingly soluble in alcohol. Dose : 1 to 3 grains (0.065 to °- 2 g ms -)- 

BISMUTHI SUBCARBONAS (Bismuth Subcarbonate). (BiO),CO„ 
H,0. 

Prepared by dissolving bismuth in nitric acid and water (a portion of 
which oxidizes the metal with the evolution of nitrous vapors, while 
another portion combines with the oxide produced to form bismuth 
nitrate. The arsenic is also oxidized by the nitric acid, and unites with 



38 

a portion of the oxidized metal to produce bismuth arseniate.) It is then 
diluted with water, set aside for twenty-four hours and filtered (the bis- 
muth subarseniate being precipitated and filtered off.) The filtrate is 
added to a large quantity of water, and ammonia water added with con- 
stant stirring ; the bismuth subnitrate is precipitated, the ammonia aid- 
ing in its thorough precipitation by uniting with the nitric acid. The 
precipitated subnitrate is washed, dissolved in nitric acid and water, set 
aside for twenty-four hours and the solution filtered. It is next added 
to a solution of sodium carbonate, whereby double decomposition takes 
place, bismuth subcarbonate being precipitated and sodium nitrate held 
in solution. 

Permanent in the air. Insoluble in water, but soluble in nitric and 
hydrochloric acids with effervescence. Its uses and doses are the same 
as the subnitrate, except that it is more tonic. 

BISMUTHI SUBNITRAS (Bismuth Subnitrate) BiONO„H 2 0. 

Prepared by dissolving bismuth in nitric acid and water, setting aside 
for twenty-four hours and filtering, after having been diluted with water, 
and adding to a solution of sodium carbonate (whereby most of the 
arsenic is retained in solution as sodium arsenate, and the insoluble car- 
bonate precipitated) filtering, dissolving the carbonate in nitric acid and 
water, adding water until a permanent turbidity is produced (thus allow- 
ing any arsenic that may be present in solution to be deposited) filter- 
ing, diluting with water, adding ammonia water, which precipitates the 
subnitrate. 

Permanent in the air. Insoluble in water and alcohol, but soluble in 
nitric and hydrochloric acids. Incompatible with potassium iodide (slow- 
ly forming brick-red bismuth iodide) and with alkaline carbonates. 

Used in gastritis and stomach disorders. Dose : 5 to 40 grains (0.324 
to 2.6 gms.). 

Bromine Compound. 

BROMUM (Bromine) Br. is a liquid non-metallic element, obtained 
from sea water and from saline springs, of a dark red color and very 
volatile. 

It is produced largely from the salt wells in Ohio, West Virginia and 
Pennsylvania, by pumping out the brine, evaporating to separate chlo- 
rides, sulphates, etc., by crystallization. The mother liquor, which con- 
sists principally of magnesium bromide, is decomposed by treating with 
chlorine gas produced from manganese dioxide and hydrochloric acid, 
with the formation of magnesium chloride and bromine. 

It is sparingly soluble in water, more so in alcohol and still more so 
in ether, chloroform and carbon disulphide. 

Its use is about the same as iodine. Its antidote is ammonia largely 
diluted with water. It unites with the bases to form bromide. 



39 
Calcium Compounds. 

CALCIUM (Calcium) Ca. is a pale yellow metallic element, existing 
in nature as a carbonate in the form of chalk, limestone, marble, oyster 
shells, etc. 

CALX (Lime) CaO. Burned Lime, Quicklime. 

Prepared by burning limestone, marble, oyster shells ; carbon dioxide 
and water being expelled, and should be kept in well closed vessels in a 
dry place. 

Oa exposure to air it gradually attracts moisture and carbon dioxide 
and falls to a white powder. Calcium is a metallic element, while Calx 
is the oxide of Calcium. Externally it is escharotic. 

Official in the water, syrup and potassa with lime. 

LIQUOR CALCIS (Lime Water) Solution of Lime. 

Prepared by saturating water with Lime, and contains 0.17%. 

When exposed to the air it absorbs carbon dioxide. 

It is antacid, astringent and tonic. Dose : 2' to 4 fluid ounces (60 to 
120 C.c). Official in the Liniment. 

SYRUPUS CALCIS (Syrup of Lime). 

Prepared by triturating sugar with lime, adding boiling water, strain- 
ing, diluting with an equal volume of water, filtering, evaporating and 
adding water to make the required quantity. It contains 6.5% of lime, 
which forms a saccharate with the sugar. 

Dose : 20 mimins (1.25 C.c.) equivalent to a fluid ounce of Lime 
Water. 

LINIMENTUM CALCIS (Liniment of Lime) Carron Oil. 

Prepared by mixing equal volumes of lime water and linseed oil, the 
oil forming a soap with the lime. 

It is a useful application in burns and scalds. 

CALCII BROMIDUM (Calcium Bromide) CaBr 2 . 

Prepared by acting on sulphur with bromine, forming sulphur bromine, 
and acting on this with milk of lime, forming calcium bromide and sul- 
phate, which may be easily separated. Also prepared by adding pre- 
cipitated calcium carbonate in excess to hydrobromic acid, filtering, 
evaporating to dryness and granulating, and should be kept in well stop- 
pered bottles. 

It is deliquescent on exposure to the air. Soluble in water and alco- 
hol. Sometimes used as a substitute for potassium bromide. 

Dose : h to 2 drachms (1.95 to 7.8 gms.). 

CALCII CARBONAS PRECIPITATUS (Precipitated Calcium 
Carbonate; CaC0 8 . Precipitated Chalk. 

Prepared by precipitating a solution of calcium chloride with one of 
sodium carbonate. 

Permanent in the air. Insoluble in water or alcohol. Soluble in 



40 

nitric, hydrochloric, and acetic acids with effervescence. Used as an 
antacid in tooth powder and in making prepared chalk. 
CRETA PREPARATA (Prepared Chalk). 

Chalk freed from most of its impurities by elutriation, and moulded 
in conical masses Whiting, a cheap form of chalk, is used for polish- 
ing. Prepared Chalk is permanent in the air, and insoluble in water or 
alcohol. It is the only form of chalk used in medicine, being antacid. 
Official in mercury with chalk, compound chalk powder, and troche. 
PULVIS CRET^ COMPOSITUS (Compound Chalk Powder). 
Contains prepared chalk, powdered acacia, powdered sugar. Official 
in chalk mixture. 

MISTURA CRET^ (Chalk Mixture). 

Contains compound chalk powder, cinnamon water and water. 
It should be freshly prepared wiien wanted for use. It is a conven- 
ient form of administering chalk in looseness of the bowels. Dose : i 
tablespoonful (15 C.c). 

TROCHISCI CRET^ (Troches of Chalk). 

Contain prepared chalk, powdered acacia, spirit of nutmeg, sugar and 
water. 

Each troche contains 4 grains of prepared chalk. Used as a gentle 
astringent. 

CALCII CHLORIDUM (Calcium Chloride) CaCl 2 . 
Prepared by saturating hydrochloric acid with marble or chalk, evap- 
orating to dryness and heating to redness. It should be kept in well- 
stoppered bottles. 

Very deliquescent. Soluble in water and alcohol. 
CALCII HYPOPHOSPHIS (Calcium Hypophosphite) Ca (PH 2 2 ) 2 . 
Prepared by boiling milk of lime with phosphorus until the phosphor- 
etted hydrogen gas, which is inflammable, is driven off, filtering, con- 
centrating and cyrstallizing. 

Permanent in the air. Soluble in water and insoluble in alcohol. 
Incompatible with the soluble salts of mercury, copper and silver, 
which are reduced. 

Used for the same purpose as the other hypophosphites. Dose : 10 
to 30 grains (0.65 to 1.95 gm.) Official in syrup of hypophosphites. 

CALCII PHOSPHAS PRECIPITATUS (Prepared Calcium Phos- 
phate) Ca 3 (P0 4 ) 2 . 

Prepared by dissolving bone ash (impure calcium phosphate) in 
hydrochloric acid and water, and precipitating the phosphate with ammo- 
nia water, chloride of ammonium remaining in solution. 

Permanent in the air. Insoluble in water and alcohol. It has 
replaced magnesium carbonate and absorbent cotton in the preparation 
of the medicated waters. 

Official in antimonial powder. Dose : 10 to 30 grs. (0.65 to 1.95 gm.). 



41 



LECTURE NO. 6. 



SYRUPUS CALCII LACTOPHOSPHATIS (Syrup of Lactophos- 
phate of Calcium). 

Prepared by dissolving precipitated calcium carbonate in lactic acid, 
adding phosphoric acid, and mixing with orange flower water in which 
sugar has been dissolved. 

Dose : 2 to 4 fluid drachms (7.5 to 15 C.c). 

CALCII SULPHAS EXSICCATUS (Dried Calcium Sulphate) Ca 
S0 4 . Sulphate of Lime, Gypsum, Plaster of Paris. 

Jt exists native as gypsum, and when heated loses its water of crys- 
tallization and becomes Plaster of Paris. It contains about 95% by 
weight of calcium sulphate and about 5% of water. When mixed with 
half its weight of water it forms a smooth, cohesive paste which rapidly 
hardens. 

Carbon Compounds. 

CARBON (C) is one of the most important elements that exist, and 
is found in all organic compounds, and exists in nature in the form of 
charcoal, diamond, coal, plumbago, etc. Combined with oxygen it forms 
carbon dioxide or carbonic acid gas, and carbon monoxide. In its 
uncrystallized state it is an insoluble, infusible solid, generally of a black 
color, and without taste or smell. It is unalterable and indestructible, 
and has great power in resisting and correcting putrefaction in other 
bodies. It possesses the property of absorbing the color and odorous 
principles of must liquids. 

CARB< )X DIOXIDE (CO,) is a colorless, odorless gas, heavier than 
ordinary air and having a slightly acid taste, obtained by acting on car- 
bonates with acids, or by heating carbonates. 

< IARBONIC ACID (H 2 C0 3 ) is prepared by bringing carbonic acid 
in contact with water. Soda water is a solution of carbonic acid gas in 
water. 

Cereum Compounds. 

< :ERII OXALAS (Cerium Oxalate) Ce 2 (QA) 8 , 9 H,(). 

Prepared by adding a solution of ammonium oxalate to a soluble salt 
of cereum. It exists native as Cerite. 

Permanent in the air. Insoluble in water or alcohol. Soluble in 
diluted sulphuric or hydrochloric acids. 

Its action is similar to that of bismuth subnitrate. Dose : 1 gr. (0.065 
gin.). 

Chlorine Compounds. 

CHLORINE (CI.) is a gaseous element prepared by the action 
of hydrochloric acid upon manganese dioxide, with the aid of heat, and 
exists in nature in the form of sodium chloride, called rock salt or sea 
salt. 



42 

It is a greenish yellow gas, with a suffocating odor. It is one of the 
host disinfectants and is used considerably as a bleach for organic col- 
oring principles in the presence of water. 

AQUA CHLORI (Chlorine Water). 

Prepared by saturating water with chlorine gas, and contains 0.4%. 

Incompatible with alkalies, silver and lead salts, infusions, tannin, 
tinctures, emulsions, and liberates bromine from any of its salts. When 
prescribed in mixtures it should be added last. It should be prepared 
fresh when wanted for use. It is stimulant and antiseptic. Dose : 1 to 
4 fluid drachms (3.75 to 15 C.c). 

CALX CHLORATA (Chlorinated Lime) CaOCL Hypochlorite of 
Lime. Oxymuriate of Lime, Bleaching Powder. Often improperly called 
Chloride of Lime. 

Prepared by passing chlorine gas into slaked lime as long as it is 
absorbed, and should contain not less than 35%. 

It is a powerful oxidizing agent, converting sugar, starch, cotton, 
linen and similar substances into formic acid which unites with the lime. 

Incompatible with the mineral acids, carbonic acid, and the alkaline 
carbonates. Used in making solution of chlorinated soda, and also as 
a dessicant. 

LIQUOR SODyE CHLORATVE (Solution of Chlorinated Soda). 
Labarraque's Solution. 

Prepared by mixing together a hot solution of sodium carbonate and 
a cold solution of chlorinated lime. The reason for using a hot solution 
of sodium carbonate is to make the precipitated calcium carbonate as 
dense as possible so that it may rapidly settle. It should contain at 
least 2.6% of available chlorine. 

Incompatible with many metallic salts, and with the iodides and bro- 
mides, causing the liberation of free iodine and bromine. 

Used as a stimulant, antiseptic and disinfectant. Dose : 30 to 60 
drops (1.9 to 3.9 C.c). 

Copper Compound. 

CUPRUM (Copper) Cu. is a brilliant, reddish colored element 
existing native as an oxide, as a sulphide, or as a salt (principally sul- 
phate, carbonate, arsenate and phosphate). It is obtained in the United 
States, Spain, Portugal and Germany. 

CUPRI SULPHAS (Copper Sulphate) CuS0 4 . Blue Vitrioj, Blue 
Stone. 

Prepared by the action of dilute sulphuric acid on waste copper and 
crystallizing. 

Slowly efflorescent in dry air. Soluble in water, but almost insoluble 
in alcohol. It is stimulant, astringent and escharotic. Dose : J grain 
(0.016 gm.). Antidote : Potassium ferrocyanide, which forms the insol- 
uble copper ferrocyanide. 



43 
Hydrogen Compounds. 

HYDROGEN (H.) is prepared by the action of sulphuric acid on zinc 
in the presence of water. 

It is a colorless, inodorous, tasteless and combustible gas. It is one 
of the most important elements, in that their atomic weights are all 
referred to it as unit) 7 . It is the base of the acids. 

WATER (H.jO) is the most important compound in existence. In its 
pure state it is a transparent liquid, without color, taste or odor. Its 
specific gravity is assumed to be unity (i). A cubic inch of it, at the 
temperature of i5-5"C (6o°F) weighs very nearly 252.5 grains. In the 
metric system the weight of 1 C. c. of distilled water taken at 4°C 
(39.2°F) is made equal to 1 gram, the unit of weight in this system. On 
account of its extensive solvent powers it is more or less contaminated 
with foreign matters. When the foreign substances are in so small an 
amount as not to materially alter its taste and other sensible qualities it is 
called COMMON WATER. When it contains inconsiderable quan- 
tities of impurities, and when used in washing, forms a lather with soap, it 
is called SOFT WATER. When it contains calcareous or magnesia 
salts, or other impurities, through which it curdles soap and is unfit for 
domestic purposes, it is called HARD WATER. Common water is 
divided into varieties according to its source, namely : Rain or Snow 
water, Spring water, River water, Well Water, Lake water and Marsh 
water. 

AQ.UA DISTILLATA (Distilled Water). Prepared by distilling 
water and throwing away the first ten and the last ten per cent., and 
saving the intermediate eighty per cent, as finished product. 

The first part and the last part may contain carbonic acid and other 
volatile impurities. 

Aqua Hydrogenii Dioxodi : See Barium Compounds. 

Gold Compounds. 

AURI ET SODII CHLORIDUM (Gold and Sodium Chloride). 

Prepared by mixing together equal parts of sodium chloride and gold 
chloride (which is prepared by dissolving gold in nitrohydrochloric acid 
and evaporating to dryness). 

Slightly deliquescent in damp air. Soluble in water. 

It is alterative. Dose \ to h of a grain (0.015 to 0.005 gm.). 

Iodine ( Iompounds. 
IODUM (iodine) I. 

A non-metallic element obtained from the ashes of seaweed and from 
mineral iodides and iodates. Also prepared by decomposing crude 
sodium iodide with manganese dioxide and sulphuric acid and sublim- 
ing. It should be kept in glass-stoppered bottles, in a cool place. 

Soluble in alcohol and very little soluble in water. 



u 

Its solubility is increased in water by the addition of sodium chloride, 
ammonium nitrate, potassium iodide. It volatilizes slowly at ordinary 
temperature. It may be detected by the addition of starch test solu- 
tion, producing a blue color. Sometimes adulterated with charcoal, 
mineral coal, plumbago and manganese dioxide. Incompatible with 
alkaloids. 

Used principally as an irritant and alterative. Dose : }to i grain 
(0.015 t0 °-°65 gni.). 

Official in the tincture, ointment and compound solution. 

LIQUOR IODI COMPOSITUS (Compound Solution of Iodine) 
Lugoll's Solution, Solution of Iodine. 

Prepared by dissolving iodine with the aid of potassium iodide in 
water, and contains 5%. It should be kept in glass-stoppered bottles. 

It should never be compounded in any prescription with an alkaloid, 
as iodine unites with the alkaloids, forming double salts. It is a con- 
venient form for the administration of Iodine. Dose : 5 minims (0.3 
C.c.) containing about J of a grain. 

TINCTURA IODI (Tincture of Iodine). 

An alcoholic solution of iodine containing j°/ . It is well to prepare 
the tincture in small quantities, because the iodine reacts with the alco- 
hol in sunlight, causing chemical change. The iodine should be thor- 
oughly dried before using. Dose : 5 to 15 drops (0.31 to 0.93 C.c). 

UNGUENTUM IODI (Ointment of Iodine). 

Prepared by rubbing iodine and potassium iodide with water and then 
with benzoinated lard. The object of the potassium iodide and water 
is to bring the iodine into a state in which it can be incorporated with 
the lard. It is useful as an external application in swellings, etc. 

SYRUPUS ACIDI HYDRIODICI (Syrup of Hydriodic Acid). 

Contains about 1% by weight of absolute acid (HI). Prepared by 
dissolving potassium iodide and potassium hypophosphite in water, and 
tartaric acid in diluted alcohol, mixing the solutions, and after standing 
for a short time filtering into syrup. The object of the dilute alcohol 
is to aid in the precipitation of the potassium bitartrate, and the potas- 
sium hypophosphite is used to prevent the formation of free iodine. 

Incompatible with potassium chlorate, mineral acids and the salts of 
the metals on account of liberating free iodine. 

It has the same therapeutical properties as iodine. Dose : 20 to 40 
minims (1-25 to 2.5 C.c). 

Iron Compounds. 

FERRUM (Iron) Fe. is in the form of fine, bright and non-elastic 
wire. It exists in nature in many combinations, principally in the form 
of sulphide (iron pyrites). It is a hard, malleable, ductile and tenacious 
metal of a grayish-white color and fibrous texture. 



45 

At a red heat its surface is converted into black oxide and at common 
temperatures by the action of air and moisture it is converted into a 
yellowish brown hydrated sesquioxide (iron rust). It is detected even 
in small quantities, by oxidizing with nitric acid, and adding potassium 
ferrocyanide or tincture of galls, the former producing a deep blue color, 
and the latter a black. Iron filings should not be used in pharmacy on 
account of the dirt and grease that they usually contain. 

FERRUM REDUCTUM (Reduced Iron), Powder of Iron, Iron 
reduced by Hydrogen, Iron by Hydrogen. 

Prepared by passing hydrogen gas through ferric oxide heated to red- 
ness in an iron tube. The hydrogen gas unites with the oxygen of the 
ferric oxide to form water and the metallic iron in powder is left. 

On exposure to the air it gradually oxidizes, and on this account 
should be kept in well-stoppered bottles in a cool place. It is one of 
the best chalybeate tonics. Dose : 3 to 6 grs. (0.20 to 0.40 gms.). 

LIQUOR FERRI ACETATIS (Solution of Ferric Acetate), Solu- 
tion of Peracetate of Iron. Contains about 31% of the anhydrous salt 
corresponding to about 7.5% of metallic iron. 

Prepared by dissolving ferric hydrate (prepared by precipitating a 
solution of iron tersulphate with ammonia water) in glaciale acetic acid. 

It is chalybeate. Dose : 2 to 10 minims (0.12 to 0.60 C.c). 

FERRI CARBOXAS SACCHARATUS (Saccharated Ferrous Car- 
bonate) FeCO> 

Prepared by precipitating a solution of ferrous sulphate with one of 
sodium bicarbonate, collecting the precipitate, washing and mixing with 
sugar and drying. The object of the sugar is to prevent Jhe oxidation 
of the iron to the ferric state. It must be kept away from the air to pre- 
vent gradual oxidation. Partially soluble in water. Soluble in hydro- 
chloric acid. It is an excellent chalybeate. Dose : 5 to 30 grains (0.33 
to 1.95 gm.). 

FERRI CHLORIDUM (Ferric Chloride) Fe,Cl (; , 12 H,0. 

Prepared by dissolving iron wire in hydrochloric acid and water, 
oxidizing the ferrous chloride with nitric acid and the aid of heat, and 
crystallizing. 

Very deliquescent in moist air. Soluble in water and alcohol. Used 
in the form of solution or tincture. 

MASSA FERRI CARBONATIS (Mass of Ferrous Carbonate), 
Vallet's Mass, Pill Carbonate of Iron, Ferruginous Mass. 

Prepared by precipitating a solution of ferrous sulphate with one of 
sodium carbonate, washing the precipitate with a mixture of syrup and 
water (to prevent the absorption of oxygen and the loss of carbonic acid 
gasj, draining, mixing with honey and sugar and evaporating to a pilular 
consistence. 



46 

Contains about 35% of ferrous carbonate. It becomes black on ex- 
posure. It is an excellent chalybeate. Dose: 3 to 5 grains (0.20 to 
0.33 gm.). 

MISTURA FEELRI COMPOSITA (Compound Iron Mixture), Grif- 

feth's Mixture. 

Prepared by double decomposition between ferrous sulphate and potas- 
sium carbonate, myrrh being used as a protecting agent, and flavored 
with spirit of lavender and rose water. Contains about 2% of ferrous 
carbonate. It is a good tonic in debility of the digestive organs. Dose : 
1 to 2 fluid ounces (30 to 60 C.c). 

PILULE FERRI CARBONATIS (Pills of Ferrous Carbonate). 
Blaud's Pills, Ferruginous Pills, Chalybeate Pills, Iron Pills. 

Contains ferrous sulphate mixed with sugar, then mixed with potas- 
sium carbonate, to which a little glycerin and water have been added : 
triturating and beating until the mass assumes a greenish color, and when 
the reaction appears to have ceased, adding tragacanth, marshmallow, 
and a little water, if necessary to make the mass. 

They should be freshly prepared when wanted for use. Dose : 2 to 6 
pills. 

LIQUOR FERRI CHLORIDI (Solution of Ferric Chloride), Solu- 
tion of Chloride of Iron, Strong Solution of Perchloride of Iron. 

Contains 37.8% of the anhydrous salt, corresponding to 62.9% of the 
crystallized salt, or to about 13% of metallic iron. 

Prepared by dissolving iron wire in hydrochloric acid and water, and 
oxidizing to the ferric state with nitric acid and heat. If the solution 
should have a blackish color, instead of a clear ruby red, it is due to the 
presence of a nitro compound composed of a portion of ferrous chloride 
and nitrogen dioxide. As this is easily decomposed it is only neces- 
sary to heat the liquid and add a few drops of nitric acid, when the 
blackish color will soon disappear, nitrogen dioxide being liberated and 
a clear ruby red solution remaining. 

It is a powerful styptic. Dose : 2 to 10 minims (0.12 to 0.6 C. c.) 
Official in the tincture. 

T1NCTURA FERRI CHLORIDI (Tincture of Ferric Chloride), 
Tincture Muriate of Iron, Tincture of Perchloride of Iron, Tincture of 
Sesquichloride of Iron. 

A hydro-alcoholic solution of ferric-chloride containing 13.6% of the 
anhydrous salt, corresponding to about 4.7% of metallic iron. 

Prepared by mixing together 25 C.c. of the solution and 75 C.c. of 
alcohol. 

The U. S. P. directs that it be kept at least three months before using, 
to allow the development of ethyl chloride and similar ethereal com- 
pounds, which impart an agreeable odor to the preparation. 



47 

Incompatible with alkalies (alkali earths or carbonates, with production 
of the hydrate or oxide) likewise with preparations containing tannic 
acid (inky mixtures), also with mercurous salts (forming mercuric com- 
pounds) and with mucilage of acacia it forms a jelly. 

It is chalybeate. Dose: 10 to 30 minims (0.6 to 1.9 C.c). 

FERR1 CITRAS (Ferric Citrate), Fe 2 (C 6 H 5 7 > 2j 6H 2 0, 

Prepared by the evaporation of solution of ferric citrate at a tempera- 
ture not exceeding 6o°C, till the consistency of syrup, and spreading on 
glass plates and drying, and should be kept in well-stoppered bottles, 
away from the light. 

Soluble in water, more so in hot water, but insoluble in alcohol. 

It is chalybeate. Dose : 3 to 5 grains (0.2 to 0.33 gm.). 

LIQUOR FERRI CITRAT1S (Solution of Ferric Citrate). Con- 
tains 7.5% of metallic Iron. 

Prepared by dissolving ferric hydrate in a solution of citric acid in 
water. It is an excellent chalybeate. Dose : 10 minims (0.6 C.c). 

LIQUOR FERRI DIALYSATUS (Solution of Dialysed Iron.) It 
is not official, but is used to a large extent. 

Prepared by treating a solution of ferric chloride and water with 
ammonia, whereby ferric hydrate is precipitated, which is dissolved by 
agitation in a small quantity of solution of ferric chloride. The thick 
liquid is then placed in a dialyzer which is suspended in water and the 
water renewed until the diffusate gives no trace of hydrochloric acid. 

It is a solution of ferric oxychloride in water. 

It is a ferruginous tonic, free from astringency. Dose : 20 to 60 min- 
ims (1.3 to 3.7 C.c). 

FERRI ET AMMONII CITRAS (Iron and Ammonium Citrate). 

Prepared by mixing a solution of ferric citrate with ammonia water, 
evaporating at a temperature not exceeding 6o°C (140°!^) and scaling. 
It is more soluble than ferric citrate. 

Deliquescent in moist air, and should be kept in well-stoppered bot- 
tles, away from the light. Soluble in water and insoluble in alcohol. 
Used in preparing iron and strychnine citrate, and is official in wine of 
citrate of iron. 

Dose : 5 grains (0.33 gm.). 

FERRI ET STRYCHNINE CITRAS (Iron and Strychnine Citrate). 

Prepared by dissolving iron and ammonium citrate in water, adding 
citric acid and strychnine, evaporating and scaling. 

Contains i f / of strychnine.' Deliquescent in damp air, and should 
be kept in well-stoppered bottles, away from the light. Soluble in water 
and partially so in alcohol. 

It is tonic. Dose : 3 to 5 grains (0.20 to 0.33 gm.). 

VINUM FERRI CITRATIS (Wine of Citrate of Iron). 



48 

Contains citrate of iron and ammonium, tincture of sweet orange 
peel, syrup and white wine. Jt is chalybeate. Dose : i fluid drachm 
(3.75 C.c), which contains about 2.^ grains of the iron salt. 

FERR1 ET AMMONII SULPHAS (Iron and Ammonium Sulphate). 

Ammonia-ferric Alum, Ammonio-ferric Sulphate. 

Prepared by dissolving ammonium sulphate in a hot solution of iron 
tersulphate and crystallizing. 

Efflorescent on exposure to the air. Soluble in water and insoluble 
in alcohol. It is styptic. Dose : 5 to 10 grains (0.33 to 0.65 gm.) 

FERRI ET AMMONII TARTRAS (Iron and Ammonium Tartrate), 
Ammonio-ferric Tartrate, Ammonio-tartrate of Iron. 

Prepared by dissolving ferric hydrate in a solution of acid ammonium 
tartrate, evaporating and scaling. Slightly deliquescent in the air, and 
should be kept in well-stoppered bottles, away from the light. Soluble 
in water and insoluble in alcohol. It is a mild chalybeate. Dose : 10 
to 30 grains (0.65 to 1.95 gm.). 

FERRI ET POTASSII TARTRAS (Iron and Potassium Tartrate), 
Potassio-ferric Tartrate, Tartrated Iron. 

Prepared by dissolving ferric hydrate in solution potassium bi tartrate, 
evaporating and scaling. 

Slightly deliquescent in the air, and should be kept in well-stoppered 
bottles, away from the light. Soluble in water and insoluble in alcohol. 
It is a mild, agreeable chalybeate. Dose: 5 to 10 grains (033 to 
0.65 gm.). 

FERRI ET QUININE CITRAS (Iron and Quinine Citrate). 
Contains about 11.5% of quinine and 145% of metallic iron. 

Prepared by dissolving quinine, citric acid and ferric citrate in water, 
evaporating and scaling. 

Slowly deliquescent in damp air, and should be kept in well-stoppered 
bottles, away from the light. Soluble in water, and partially soluble in 
alcohol. 

It is a tonic. Dose : 5 or 6 grains (0.33 or 0.4 gm.). 

FERRI ET QUININE CITRAS SOLUBILIS (Soluble Iron and 
Quinine Citrate). 

Prepared by dissolving iron citrate in distilled water, heating, adding 
quinine and citric acid, previously triturated with water, adding ammonia 
water, evaporating and scaling. 

Deliquescent in damp air and should be kept in well-stoppered bottles, 
away from the light. Soluble in water and partially soluble in alcohol. 

Official in bitter wine of iron. 

VINUM FERRI AMARUM (Bitter Wine of Iron). Contains solu- 
ble citrate of iron and quinine, tincture of sweet orange peel, syrup and 
white wine. It is a mild, ferruginous tonic. Dose : 2 to 4 fluid drachms 
(7-5 to r 5 C.d.). 



49 



LECTURE NO. 7. 



FERRI HVPOPHOSPHIS (Ferric Hypophosphite) Fe._>< PH.,0,V 

Prepared by acting on a solution of ferrous sulphate with one of cal- 
cium hypophosphite, whereby calcium sulphate is precipitated and ferrous 
hypophosphite is converted into the ferric state by evaporation. Per- 
manent in the air. Slightly soluble in water, but more so in the presence 
of hypophosphorus acid. Dose : 5 to 10 grs. (0.32 to 0.64 gm.). 

FERRI IODIDUM SACCHARATUM (Saccharated Ferrous 
Iodide^) FeL. 

Prepared by the action of iodine on iron in the presence of water, 
allowing the mixture to stand until it has obtained a green color, mixing 
with sugar of milk, drying and mixing with more sugar of milk and 
some reduced iron. 

On standing it is liable to oxidize with the liberation of free iodine,' 
which unites with the reduced iron. 

Soluble in water and insoluble in alcohol. It is chalybeate. Do^e : 
2 to 5 grains (0.13 to 0.33 gm.). 

PILULE FERRI IODIDI (Pills of Ferrous Iodide), Blanchard's 
Pills. 

Contain reduced iron, iodine, licorice, extract of licorice, sugar, aca- 
cia, and are coated with balsam of tolu, dissolved in ether. 

Each pill contains about 1 grain of ferrous iodine, and about one-fifth 
of a grain of reduced iron. 

FERRI LACTAS (Ferrous Lactate) Fe(C s H 5 3 ) 2 , 3 H a O. 

Prepared by the action of lactic acid on iron wire, and should be 
kept in well-stoppered bottles. 

Soluble in water and insoluble in alcohol. 

It has the same properties as the ferruginous preparations. Dose : 1 to 
5 grains(o.o65 to 0.325 gm.). Official in syrup hypophosphites with iron. 

FERRI OXIDUM HYDRATUM (Hydrated Oxide of Iron), Fe 2l 
(OH),;. Ferric Hydrate, Hydrous Peroxide of Iron, Hydrated Sesqui- 
oxide of Iron, Moist Peroxide of Iron. 

Prepared by precipitating a solution of tersulphate of iron with am- 
monia water. 

It is a brownish red magna, wholly soluble in hydrochloric acid, with- 
out effervescence. 

Official in the troche and plaster. 

EMPLASTRUM FERRI (Iron Plaster), Strengthening Plaster, 
Chalybeate Plaster. 

Prepared by adding ferric hydrate to a mixture of olive oil. burgundy 
pitch and lead plaster. 



50 

TROCHISCI FERRI (Troches of Iron). Contain ferric hydrate, 
vanilla, sugar, and mucilage of tragacanth. Each lozenge contains about 
5 grains ferric hydrate. 

LIQUOR FERRI NITRATIS (Solution Ferric Nitrate), Solution of 
Pernitrate of Iron. Contains about 6.2% of the anhydrous salt, corres- 
ponding to 1.4% of metallic iron. 

Prepared by dissolving ferric hydrate in a mixture of nitric acid and 
water. 

It is tonic and astringent. 

Dose : 7 to 8 drops (0.36 to 0.42 C.c). 

FERRI OXIDUM HYDRATUM CUM MAGNESIA (Ferric Hy- 
drate with Magnesia), Arsenic Antidote, Antidote to Arsenous Acid: 

Prepared by mixing a diluted solution of tersulphate of iron with mag- 
nesia and water. These two solutions should be kept all ready for use. 
Ferric hydrate is produced when the magnesia mixture is added to the 
diluted solution of iron tersulphate, the acidity being prevented by using 
an excess of magnesia. It acts as an antidote by uniting with the 
arsenous acid to form arsenite of iron, which is insoluble. 

FERRI PHOSPHAS SOLUBILIS (Soluble Ferric Phosphate) Fe 2 
(P0 4 ) 2 . 

Prepared by dissolving sodium phosphate in a solution of ferric citrate, 
evaporating and scaling. Should be kept in dark amber, well-stoppered 
bottles. 

Permanent in the air, when not exposed to the light, but on exposure 
it becomes dark and discolored. 

Official in syrup of phosphate of iron, quinine and strychnine. 

SYRUPUS FERRI, QUININE ET STRYCHNINE PHOSPHA- 
TUM (Syrup of Phosphates of Iron, Quinine and Strychnine), Easton's 
Syrup, Aitkin's Syrup, Syrup of Three Phosphates, Syrup of Triple 
Phosphates. 

Contains soluble ferric phosphate, quinine sulphate, strychnine, phos- 
phoric acid, glycerin, syrup and water. Dose : 1 teaspoonful (3.7 C.c). 

FERRI PYROPHOSPHAS SOLUBILIS (Soluble Ferric Pyrophos- 
phate) Fe 4 (P,0 7 > ; . 

Prepared the same as the soluble phosphate, except using pyrophos- 
phate of sodium in the place of phosphate, and should be kept in 
amber-colored, well-stoppered bottles. Soluble in water, but insoluble 
in alcohol. 
* It is a good chalybeate. Dose : 2 to 5 grains (0.13 to 0.33 gm.). 

FERRI SULPHAS (Ferrous Sulphate) FeS0 4 ,7H 2 0, Sulphate of 
Iron, Green Vitriol. 

Prepared by the action of sulphuric acid on iron wire in the presence 
of water, evaporating and crystallizing. Should be kept in well-stop- 
pered bottles. 



51 

Efflorescent in dry air, but on exposure to moist air it rapidly absorbs 
oxygen and becomes coated with brownish, yellowish basic ferric sul- 
phate. Soluble in water and insoluble in alcohol. Incompatible with 
lime water, calcium and barium chlorides, alkalies and their carbonates, 
soap, silver nitrate, sodium borate and phosphate, lead acetate and sub- 
acetate. It is used in making the dried and granulated sulphate of iron. 
It is an astringent chalybeate. Dose : i to 2 grains (0.065 to 0.130 gm.). 

FERRI SULPHAS EXSICCATUS (Dried Ferrous Sulphate). 

Prepared by allowing ferrous sulphate to effloresce in the air, heating 
and powdering. Should be kept in dry, well stoppered bottles. Three 
grains of it are equal to about five grains of the sulphate. It is used 
principally in making pills on account of its reduced bulk and loss of 
water. 

Official in pills of aloes and iron. 

PILULE ALOES ET FERRI (Pills of Aloes and Iron). 

Contain purfied aloes, dried sulphate of iron, aromatic powder and 
confection of rose. 

They are laxative. Dose : 1 to 3 Pills. 

FERRI SULPHAS GRANULATUS (Granulated Ferrous Sul- 
phate). 

Prepared by dissolving ferrous sulphate in water heated to boiling, 
adding dilute sulphuric acid, filtering while hot, evaporating, cooling 
quickly with constant stirring, pouring alcohol upon it in a funnel and 
quickly drying. Keep in dry, well-stoppered bottles. 

The object of heat with constant stirring is to granulate the salt, and 
the alcohol washes out impurities and facilitates rapid drying of the 
granular powder. 

It is less liable to oxidation than the sulphate. 

FERRI VALERIANAS (Ferric Valerianate) Fe 2 (C 5 H 9 2 ) 6 . 

Prepared by precipitating a diluted solution of ferric sulphate with 
one of sodium valerianate, collecting, washing and drying, and should 
be kept in small, well-stoppered bottles, in a cool and dark place. 

Permanent in dry air. Soluble in alcohol but insoluble in water. It 
is a chalybeate tonic. Dose : 2 to 5 grains (0.13 to 0.33 gm.). 

LIQUOR FERRI SUBSULPHATIS (Solution of Ferric Subsui- 
phate; Fe 4 0(S0 4 ) 5 , Monsell's Solution, Solution of Basic Ferric Sul- 
phate, Solution of Subsulphate of Iron, Solution of Persulphate of Iron. 
It contains about 13.6% of metallic iron. 

Prepared by mixing sulphuric acid and nitric acid with water, gradually 
adding sulphate of iron, boiling, adding more nitric acid if necessary to 
convert the iron into the ferric state, and boiling until it assumes a 
ruby red color. 

It mixes with water and alcohol in all proportions. 



52 

It is a styptic. MONSELL'S SALT is obtained by heating the solu- 
tion to dryness. 

LIQUOR FERRI TERSULPHATIS (Solution of Ferric Sulphate) 
Fe._>(S0 4 ), ; , Solution of Tersulphate of Iron, Solution of Persulphate of 
Iron. 

Prepared the same as solution of subsulphate, only less sulphate of 
iron and more sulphuric acid is used. It contains about 28.7% of nor- 
mal ferric sulphate, corresponding to 8% of metallic iron It is misci- 
ble with water and alcohol in all proportions. It is a powerful astrin- 
gent. 

SYRUPUS FERRI IODIDI (Syrup of Ferrous Iodide.) Contains 
about 10% by weight of ferrous iodide. 

Prepared by acting on iron with iodine in the presence of water, and 
filtering into syrup. 

It should be exposed to sunlight, if possible, to prevent the decompo- 
sition of the syrup and the liberation of free iodine. 

Dose : 15 to 30 minims (0.9 to 1.9 gm.). 

Lithium Compounds. 

LITHII BENZOAS (Lithium Benzoate) Li 7 H 6 O 2 . 

Prepared by decomposing lithium carbonate with benzoic acid. Per- 
manent in the air. Soluble in water and alcohol. 

Used as a remedy against gout. Dose : 15 to 30 grains (1 to 1.95 
gm.). The presence of sodium benzoate increases its solubility in water 
and lessens it in alcohol. 

LITHII BROMIDUM (Lithium Bromide) LiBr. 

Prepared by forming lithium sulphate with lithium carbonate and sul- 
phuric acid, and acting on the sulphate with potassium bromide. Also 
obtained by dissolving lithium carbonate in hydrobromic acid. 

It is very deliquescent and should be kept in well-stoppered bottles. 
Soluble in water and alcohol. It has the same action as the other bro- 
mides. Dose : 15 to 30 grs. (1 to 1.95 gm.). 

LITHII CARBONAS (Lithium Carbonate) Li 2 C0 3 . 

It is found in certain minerals in iron mines and in numerous mineral 
springs. 

Permanent in the air. Soluble in water and insoluble in alcohol. It 
has the same action as the alkaline carbonates. Dose : 5 to 15 grains 
(0.32 to 1 gm.). 

LITHII CITRAS (Lithium Citrate) Li,C, ; H,O r . 

Prepared by neutralizing lithium carbonate with citric acid, evaporat- 
ing and crystallizing. Deliquescent on exposure to the air. Soluble in 
water and almost insoluble in alcohol. 

Used for the same purpose as the carbonate. Dose : 10 to 30 grains 
(0.65 to 1.95 gm.). 



53 

LITHII CITRAS EFFERVESCENS (Effervescent Lithium Citrate). 

It is an effervescent mixture of lithium carbonate, citric acid, sodium 
bicarbonate and sugar, and should be kept in well-stoppered bottles. 

Dose : i teaspoonful. 

LITHII SALICYLAS (Lithium Salicylate) Li C 7 H 5 8 . 

Prepared by neutralizing lithium carbonate with salicylic acid. Deli- 
quescent on exposure to the air. Soluble in water and alcohol. 

Used in cases of gout and rheumatism. Dose: 20 to 40 grains (1.3 
to 2.6 gm.). 

Lead Compounds. 

PLUMBUM (Lead) Pb, is a soft bluish gray, malleable metallic ele- 
ment existing native principally as an oxide or as a sulphide (galena). 

PLUMBI ACETAS (Lead Acetate) Pb(C 2 H 8 2 ) 2 , 3 H 2 0. Sugar of 
Lead. 

Prepared by digesting lead oxide in acetic acid, evaporating and crys- 
tallizing. It should be kept in well-stoppered bottles. 

Efflorescent on exposure to air, and absorbs carbon dioxide forming 
lead carbonate. Soluble in water and alcohol. It is decomposed by all 
acids, and by those soluble salts, the acids of which produce with lead 
protoxide, insoluble or sparingly soluble compounds. Acids of this 
character are citric, sulphuric, hydrochloric and tartaric. It is decom- 
posed by lime water, ammonia, potassa and soda. The dispenser should 
select the large crystalline masses. The commercial acetate sometimes 
contains lead sulphate and carbonate. It is decomposed by hard water 
on account of the calcium sulphate and common salt, which such water 
usually contains. 

Antidotes : Soluble sulphate*, salt, soap or an alkali. 

Used in preparing solution subacetate of lead. It is astringent and 
sedative. Dose : 1 to 3 grains (6.065 t0 2>2 ° S nl -)- 

LIQUOR PLUMBI SUBACETATIS (Solution of Lead Subacetate). 

Prepared by boiling lead acetate with lead oxide and water and con- 
tains 25% of lead subacetate. 

On exposure to the. air it absorbs carbon dioxide, which causes the 
formation of a white precipitate of lead carbonate. Bottles in which the 
solution is kept and are coated with lead carbonate, can be easily cleaned 
by the addition of a little sulphuric acid. Solutions of gum, tannin, 
most vegetable coloring matters and many animal substances, particularly 
albumen, produce with it precipitates consisting of the substance added 
and lead oxide. It is used in preparing diluted solution subacetate of 
lead, and the cerate. It is astringent and sedative and is used externally. 

CERATUM PLUMBI SUBACETATIS (Cerate of Lead Suba 
tatei Goulard's Cerate. Contains solution of subacetate of lead and 
camphor cerate. • Used principally in cases of burns, scalds, etc. 



54 

LIQUOR PLUMBI SUBACETATIS DILUTUS (Diluted Solution 
of Lead Subacetate). Lead water. 

Prepared by mixing 30 C.c. of solution of lead subacetate with 970 
C.c. of water. Keep in well-stoppered bottles. 

It is a cloudy solution owing to the formation of the carbonate from 
the carbon dioxide in the water. 

PLUMBI CARBONAS (Lead Carbonate) (PbCO,), Pb(OH),, White 
Lead, Flake White. 

Prepared by passing a stream of carbonic acid gas through a solution 
of lead subacetate. 

Permanent in the air. Insoluble in water and alcohol. It is astring- 
ent and sedative. Official in the ointment. 

UNGUENTUM PLUMBI CARBONATIS (Ointmertf of Lead Car- 
bonate). Contains 10% of lead carbonate mixed with benzoinated lard. 

Used for blistered and excoriated surfaces. 

PLUMBI IODIDUM (Lead Iodide) Pbl„. 

.Prepared by precipitating a solution of lead nitrate with one of potas- 
sium iodide, washing and drying. 

Permanent in the air. Slightly soluble in water and almost insoluble 
in alcohol. Soluble in solutions of fixed alkalies, concentrated solutions 
of acetates of the alkalies, of potassium iodide, of sodium hyposulphite, 
and in a hot solution of ammonium chloride. 

It should be kept away from the light. 

UNGUENTUM PLUMBI IODIDI (Ointment of lead Iodide). 

Contains 10% of lead iodide mixed with benzoinated lard. 

PLUMBI NITRAS (Lead Nitrate) Pb (NO a ) 2 . 

Prepared by acting on lead oxide with nitric acid. 

Permanent in the air. Soluble in the water and almost insoluble in 
alcohol. 

Its uses are the same as the other lead salts. 

PLUMBI OXIDUM (Lead Oxide) PbO., Litharge, Protoxide of Lead. 

Obtained as a by-product in the extraction of silver from some of its 
ores, principally argentiferous galena. 

On exposure to the air it slowly absorbs moisture and carbon dioxide. 
When heated in contact with charcoal it is reduced to metallic lead. 
Almost insoluble in water and insoluble in alcohol. Soluble in acetate 
acid, or dilute nitric acid, and in warm solutions of fixed alkalies. 

Jt should not be confounded with red lead which is a higher oxide 
Pb 3 4 . Red Lead may be obtained by heating litharge and for this 
reason, in preparing litharge, care must be used in heating or the litharge 
may contain red lead, which would render it useless in the preparation 
of lead plaster. 

Official in lead plaster and is used in making solution of subacetate of 
lead. 



55 

EMPLASTRUM PLUMBI (Lead Plaster) Diachylon Plaster. 

Prepared by boiling together, litharge, olive oil and water. 

The oil consists of oleate of glyceryl with a little palmitate. These 
are decomposed in contact with water, and unite with the litharge to 
form the plaster, which is chemically oleo-palmitate of lead and glycerin 
is formed as a by-product. 

Official in diachylon ointment. 

UNGUENTUM DIACHYLON (Diachylon Ointment.) 

Contains lead plaster, olive oil, and oil of lavender dowers. Used in 
skin diseases. 

Magnesium Compounds. 

MAGNESIUM (Magnesium) Mg, is a white metallic element, and 
may be obtained from the chloride by the action of sodium. It burns 
readily in the air, and the white heat to which the particles of Magnesia 
I MgO) produced are exposed, emits a dazzling light. It exists native 
as a double carbonate of magnesia and calcium (Dolomite), and in a 
fairly pure state as Magnesite. 

MAGNESIA (Magnesia) MgO. Light Magnesia, Calcined Magne- 
sia, Magnesia Usta. 

Prepared by exposing light magnesium carbonate to a red heat. Per- 
manent in the air. Insoluble in water or alcohol. 

It is liable to contain as impurities, magnesium carbonate, silica, alu- 
mina, etc. Should be kept in well-closed vessels. 

Almost insoluble in water and insoluble in alcohol, soluble in dilute 
acids. 

If Magnesia contains a soluble sulphate or carbonate, barium chlo- 
ride will show it by precipitating with water digested on the magnesia. 

It enters into hydrated oxide of iron with magnesia and compound 
rhubarb powder. It is antacid and laxative. Dose : 10 to 30 grains 
(0.65 to 1.95 gm. >. 

MAGNESIA PONDEROSA (Heavy Magnesia) MgO. 

Prepared the same as the light, only using the heavy carbonate. It 
possesses only one-fourth the bulk of the light, and is therefore much 
more convenient for internal use. 

It differs from magnesia by not readily uniting with water to form a 
gelatinous hydrate. 

MAGNESII CARBONAS (Magnesium Carbonate) (MgC0 3 ) 4 Mg 
■MIL. :H,0. 

It is found native as a mineral called magnesite. The official carbon- 
ate is a mixture of carbonate and hydrate. 

The heavy carbonate is prepared by dissolving sodium carhonatc and 
magnesium sulphate separately in boiling water aud mixing, the heavy 
carbonate precipitating. The light carbonate is prepared the same, only 
using cold water. 



5G 

Permanent in the air. Soluble in dilute acid, but insoluble in water 
or alcohol. It is decomposed by strong heat, by all acids, potassa, soda, 
lime, barium and strontium oxides, and by acidulous and metallic salts. 

Used in making solution citrate of magnesium, and effervescent citrate 
of magnesium. 

It is antacid. Dose : .J to 2 drachms (1.95 to 7.8 gm.). 

LIQUOR MAGNESII CITRATIS (Solution of Magnesium Citrate). 

Prepared by dissolving magnesium carbonate in citric acid and water, 
filtering, adding syrup of citric acid and water, placing in twelve ounce 
bottles, adding potassium bicarbonate (39 grains to each bottle) and 
tightly corking. 

It is a cooling purgative. Dose, as a purgative : 12 ounces (360 C.c). 
As a laxative : 6 ounces (180 C.c). 

MAGNESII CITRAS EFFERVESCENS (Effervescent Magnesium 
Citrate.). 

Prepared by mixing magnesium carbonate with citric acid and water, 
so as to form a mass or thick paste, drying at a temperature not exceed- 
ing 3o°C (86°F) and reducing to a fine powder, mixing with sugar, 
sodium bicarbonate and more citric acid, dampening the mixture with 
alcohol to form a mass, and rubbing through a No. 6 tinned iron sieve, 
drying and reducing to a coarse powder. 

Deliquescent on exposure to air. Soluble in water and insoluble in 
alcohol. 

Dose : 1 to 3 teaspoonfuls. 

MAGNESII SULPHAS (Magnesium Sulphate) MgS0 4 , 7H0O. 
Epsom Salt. 

It is called Epsom Salt because it originally was obtained by evapor- 
ating the waters of certain springs in Epsom, England. Also, obtained 
from Kieserite, an impure sulphate, and from Dolomite, which is a 
double carbonate of magnesium and calcium. 

Efflorescent in the air. Soluble in water and insoluble in alcohol. It 
is decomposed by potassa, soda and their carbonates, by lime, barium 
and strontium oxides and their soluble salts. Official in compound infu- 
sion of senna. 

It is a cathartic. Dose : 1 ounce (31.1 gm.). 

Manganese Compounds. 

MANGANI DIOXIDUM (Manganese Dioxide) Mn0 2 , Black Oxide 
of Manganese, Peroxide of Manganese. 

It exists native and should contain at least 66% of pure dioxide. 
Distinguished from antimony sulphide by its infusibility, and causing 
the evolution of chlorine on being heated with hydrochloric acid. 

Permanent in the air. Insoluble in water or alcohol. 

It is tonic and alterative. Dose : 3 to 20 grains (0.2 to 1.3 gm.). 



57 



LECTURE NO. 8. 



MANGANI SULPHAS (Manganese Sulphate) MnS0 4 , 4 H..O. 

Prepared bv heating the native black oxide with sulphuric acid, and 
should be kept in well-stoppered bottles. Slightly efflorescent in the 
air. Soluble in water, but insoluble in alcohol. 

It is purgative and tonic. Dose, as a purgative : i to 2 drachms (3.9 
to 7.5 gm. ) As a tonic : 5 to 20 grains (0.33 to 1.3 gm.). 

Mercurv Compounds. 

HYDRARGYRUM (Mercury) Hg. Quicksilver. 

Obtained from the native sulphide called cinnibar by subliming with 
lime, forming sulphide and sulphate of calcium and mercury sublimes 
over. 

It is a liquid at ordinary temperatures. Its specific gravity is 13.5584. 
Insoluble in water or alcohol. Completely soluble in cold nitric acid 
and in boiling sulphuric acid. 

In the preparations containing metallic mercury the mercury is re- 
duced to a fine state of subdivision with some inert substance* For 
this extinguishment various substances have been used, as chalk, honey, 
oleic acid, resinous tinctures, confection of rose, wool fat, mercury oint- 
ment, oleate of mercury. Mercury in its uncombined state is inert. 

Official in ammoniac plaster with mercury, plaster, mercury with chalk, 
mass and ointment. 

It is alterative. Dose : h to 1 grain (0.03 to 0.065 gm.). 

EMPLASTRUM AMMOXIACI CUM HYDRARGYRO (Ammo- 
niac Plaster with Mercury). Contains 18% of metallic mercury. 

Prepared by emulsifying ammoniac with dilute acetic acid, evaporat- 
ing to a syrupy consistence, adding the mercury which has been previ- 
ously subdivided with oleate of mercury, and adding lead plaster to 
make the required quantity. 

It is stimulant. 

EMPLASTRUM HYDRARGYRI fMercurial Plaster). 

Contains 30% of metallic mercury. 

Prepared by subdividing mercury with oleate of mercury and adding 
to lead plaster. 

HYDRARGYRUM CUM CRETA (Mercury with Chalk,. Grey 
Powder. 

Contains 387^ of metallic mercury, subdivided with prepared chalk 
and honey. 

It is in smooth, greyish powder form, insoluble in water. It is a mild 
mercurial. Dose : 5 to 30 grains (0.33 to 1.95 gm.). 

MASSA HYDRARGYRI fMass of Mercury;, Blue Mass, Blue Pill, 
Mercurial Pill. 



58 

Contains 2>3°/c of metallic mercury, made into a mass with licorice, 
marshmallow and honey of rose, with a small amount of glycerin to 
keep it in a soft condition. 

It is a mild mercurial. Dose : 5 to 15 grains (0.33 to 0.97 gm.). 

UNGUENTUM HYDRARGYRI (Mercurial Ointment), Blue Butter, 
Blue Ointment. 

Contains 50% of metallic mercury, subdivided with oleate of mercury 
and mixed with lard and suet. It is easily absorbed by the skin. 

UNGUENTUM HYDRARGYRI NITRATIS (Ointment of Mer- 
curic Nitrate), Citrine Ointment. 

Prepared by heating lard oil to ioo°C (2i2°F) adding nitric acid, and 
when effervescence ceases, cooling to 4o°C (io4°F) and adding the mer- 
cury previously dissolved in the remainder of the nitric acid (heated 
to prevent crystallization) and setting aside to cool. 

When freshly prepared it is a bright golden yellow color, but on ex- 
posure soon changes to a dirty greenish color. It should not be handled 
with an iron or steel spatula. 

Used as a stimulant and alterative application. 

HYDRARGYRI CHLORIDUM CORROSIVUM (Corrosive Chlo- 
ride of Mercury) HgCl 2 Corrosive Sublimate, Bichloride of Mercury, 
Perchloride of Mercury, Mercuric Chloride. 

Prepared by subliming together a mixture of persulphate of mer- 
cury, sodium chloride and manganese dioxide. 

The persulphate of mercury is prepared by boiling mercury in an ex- 
cess of sulphuric acid to dryness. 

Permanent in the air. Soluble in water and alcohol. Its solubility 
in water is increased by the addition of a soluble chloride, as sodium or 
ammonium chloride. When added to alkalies the yellow oxide of mer- 
cury is precipitated. Yellow Wash (Lotio Hydrargyri Flava) is pre- 
pared by adding corrosive sublimate to lime water. When mixed with 
sulphurous or hypophosphorus acids or their salts it is reduced to cal- 
omel. 

It produces precipitates in fusions or decoctions of chamomile, horse- 
radish, columbo, catechu, cinchona, rhubarb, senna, simaruba, and oak 
bark. It is slowly changed into calomel by syrup sarsaparilla com- 
pound and syrup honey, but is not changed by pure syrup. 

Antidotes : Whites of eggs, albumen in any form, which unites with 
the corrosive sublimate, forming insoluble compounds. 

It is alterative and germacide. Dose : tiio to igr.(o.ooo6 to 0.008 gm.). 

Externally it is a stimulant, and escharotic. 

Used in making ammoniated mercury. 

HYDRARGYRUM AMMONIATUM (Ammoniated Mercury), White 
Precipitate, Mercuric Ammonium Chloride. 



69 

Prepared by adding ammonia water to a solution of corrosive subli- 
mate, collecting, washing and drying. 

Permanent in the air. Insoluble in water or alcohol. Often adulter- 
ated with white lead, chalk, calcium sulphate or starch. 

Official in the ointment. 

UNGUENTUM HYDRARGYRI AMMONIATI (Ointment of Am- 
moniated Mercury). 

Contains 10% of ammoniated mercury, mixed with benzoinated 
lard. 

HYDRARGYRI CHLORIDUM MITE (Mild Chloride of Mercury) 
Hg.jCL. Mild Mercurous Chloride, Calomel, Protochloride of Mercury. 

Prepared by subliming together a mixture of persulphate of mercury, 
mercury, and sodium chloride. 

It should not be dispensed in conjunction with the chlorides of am- 
monium, sodium or potassium, hydrochloric acid, tincture of ferric chlo- 
ride, or other soluble chlorides, owing to the liability of forming corro- 
sive sublimate. 

It may be distinguished from ammoniated mercury by heating with 
potassium or sodium hydrate test solution, and not giving an ammonia- ' 
cal odor. From mercuric chloride by adding to lime water, mercuric 
chloride throws down yellow oxide of mercury, and mercurous chloride 
black oxide of mercury. 

Black wash (Lotio Hydrargyri Nigra) is prepared by mixing together 
calomel and lime water. 

Calomel sometimes, contains corrosive sublimate as an impurity, 
which may be detected by boiling with water, filtering, adding silver 
nitrate test solution to the filtrate which, if corrosive sublimate be 
present will throw down a white precipitate of silver chloride. To re- 
move corrosive sublimate from calomel, boil with water until the wash- 
ings cease to give a precipitate with silver nitrate test solution. 

Official in compound antimony pills and compound cathartic pills. 

It is alterative, purgative and anthelmintic. Dose as an alterative : ^ 
to i grain (0.03 to 0.065 g m -)- ^ s a purgative : 5 to 15 grains (0.33 to 
1 gm.). 

PILUL.K CATHARTICS COMPOSITE (Compound Cathartic 
Pills). 

Contain compound extract of colocynth, calomel, extract of jalap and 
gamboge. 

Each pill weighs about 3 grains. 

HYDRARGYRI CYANIDUM (Mercuric Cyanide) Hg (CN) 2 Cya- 
nuret of Mercury, Bicyanide of Mercury, Prussiate of Mercury. 

Prepared by action on mercuric oxide with hydrocyanic acid, and 
should be kept in well-stoppered, dark amber bottles. 



GO 

It becomes dark colored on exposure to light. Soluble in water and 
alcohol. It is a very poisonous salt. 

It is alterative. Dose : ns to \ grain (0.004 to 0.008 gm.). 

HYDRARGYRI IODIDUM FLAVUM (Yellow Mercurous Iodide) 
Eig 2 I 2 , Protiodide of Mercury, Green Iodide of Mercury, Iodide of Mer- 
cury. 

Prepared by dissolving mercury in nitric acid, forming mercurous 
nitrate and acting on this with potassium iodide. It should be kept in 
dark, amber-colored bottles, away from the light. 

On exposure to light it becomes darker, in proportion as it undergoes 
decomposition into metallic mercury and mercuric iodide. Almost insol- 
uble in water and insoluble in alcohol. 

It often contains as an impurity, red mercuric iodide, which may be 
detected by shaking the suspected salt with 10 C.c. of alcohol, filtering, 
and a portion of the filtrate tested with hydrogen sulphide should not 
give a precipitate. 

Used principally in advanced syphilis. Dose : ^ grain (0.033 S m -)- 

HYDRARGYRI IODIDUM RUBRUM (Red Mercuric Iodide) 
HgL, Biniodide of Mercury, Deutiodide of Mercury. 

Prepared by acting on a solution of corrosive sublimate with one of 
potassium iodide, and should be kept in well-stoppered bottles, away 
from the light. 

Permanent in the air. Almost insoluble in water and insoluble in 
alcohol. Used for similar purposes to that of mercurous iodide. 

Used in making Donovan's solution. Dose : A grain (0.004 g m -)- 

LIQUOR ARSENII ET HYDRARGYRI IODIDI (Solution of 
Arsenic and Mercuric Iodide), Solution of Hydriodate of Arsenic and 
Mercury, Donovan's Solution. 

It is an aqueous solution containing i°/ each of arsenic and mercu- 
ric iodides. 

It should be a pale yellow color, and when found of an orange yellow 
it contains free iodine. 

It is an alterative. Dose : 5 to 10 drops (0.3 to 0.6 C.c). 

HYDRARGYRI OXIDUM FLAVUM (Yellow Mercuric Oxide) 
HgO. 

Prepared by pouring a solution of corrosive sublimate into one of 
caustic soda, and should be kept in well-stoppered bottles, away from the 
light. 

Permanent in the air, but turns darker on exposure to the light. In- 
soluble in water and alcohol. Soluble in dilute hydrochloric and dilute 
nitric acids. 

It differs from the red in being in a much finer state of subdivision. 

It is distinguished from the red oxide by being precipitated by oxalic 
acid in the form of a white precipitate, while the red oxide is not. 



61 

Used in the local treatment of diseases of the eyes. Official in the 
ointment and oleate. 

UNGUENTUM HYDRARGYRI OXIDI FLAYI (Ointment of 
Yellow Mercuric Oxide). 

Contains 10% of yellow mercuric oxide mixed with simple ointment. 

It is used in scrofulous and syphilitic ulcers. 

OLEATUM HYDRARGYRI (Oleate of Mercury). 

Prepared by dissolving yellow mercuric oxide in oleic acid and con- 
tains 20%. 

It is usually the consistence of petrolatum, owing to the formation of 
mercuric palmitate and stearate. It is more readily absorbed by the 
skin than the ointment. 

HYDRARGYRI OXIDUM RUBRUM (Red Mercuric Oxide), HgO, 
Red Precipitate. 

Prepared by dissolving mercury in nitric acid, heating and driving off 
the acid vapors. 

Permanent in the air. Insoluble in water and alcohol. Soluble in 
nitric and hydrochloric acids. The two oxides of mercury have the 
same chemical composition, but differ in physical appearance. 

Official in the ointment, and is used in making solution mercuric ni- 
trate. 

UNGUENTUM HYDRARGYRI OXIDI RUBRI (Ointment of 
Red Mercuric Oxide). Contains 10% of red mercuric oxide, 85% of 
simple ointment, and 5% of castor oil to subdivide the oxide. 

LIQUOR HYDRARGYRI NITRATIS (Solution of Mercuric Ni- 
trate 

Prepared by dissolving red mercuric oxide in nitric acid and water. 
Contains about 60% of mercuric nitrate and about 11% of free nitric 
acid, and should be kept in glass-stoppered bottles. 

Used as a caustic application to ulcers. 

HYDRARGYRI SUBSULPHAS FLAVUS (Yellow Mercuric Sul- 
phate), Hg( HgO lSO.,, Basic Mercuric Sulphate, Turpeth Mineral. 

Prepared by dissolving mercury in sulphuric acid and water, converting 
the mercurous to mercuric sulphate with nitric acid and heat, evaporat- 
ing and powdering. It should be kept in well-stoppered bottles, away 
from the light. 

Permanent in the air. Slightly soluble in water and Insoluble in alco- 
hol. It is alterative, emetic and errhine, but is seldom used. 
Nitrogen. 

NITROGEN (N). The principal source of this element is the at- 
mosphere, which consists of nearly four-fifths of nitrogen (the remain- 
ing fifth being almost entirely oxygen 1. 

It may be prepared by burning phosphorus in a confined portion of air. 

It is a colorless, tasteless and odorless gas. 



62 

Its chief use in the air is to dilute the energetic oxygen (a mechanical 
mixture resulting). 

Oxygen. 

OXYGEN (O). It is the most abundant element in nature, although 
in a combined state, forming about one half of the whole weight of our 
globe.. The atmosphere consists of about one-fifth of its bulk of oxygen. 

It may be prepared by heating potassium chlorate. 

It is a colorless, tasteless and odorless gas, and is soluble in water to 
the extent of 3 volumes in 100 volumes, or fishes could not breathe. 

There is a polymeric form of oxygen called OZONE, 0, ; , which may 
be prepared artificially by passing air through a box highly charged with 
electricity. 

It is a powerful bleaching, disinfecting and oxidizing agent. Insoluble 
in water, soluble in oils of turpentine and cinnamon. It has a peculiar 
smell. 

Phosphorus Compounds. 

PHOSPHORUS (Phosphorus), (P) is a non-metallic element obtained 
from bones by calcining, powdering, digesting with sulphuric acid previ- 
ously diluted with water (the sulphuric acid separates a part of the lime 
from the calcium phosphate and precipitates it as calcium sulphate, 
while an acid calcium phosphate remains in solution) straining off the 
calcium sulphate, evaporating, again straining, evaporating to a syrupy 
consistence, mixing with powdered charcoal, and heating to a dull red- 
ness. The acid phosphate is changed into metaphosphate, which is dis- 
tilled in a retort and the condensed phosphorus collected under water. 

The bones of the sheep are the best for this purpose. 

It is a semi transparent solid, without taste, but possessing an allia- 
ceous smell. It is flexible, and when cut has a waxy lustre. When ex- 
posed to the air it emits white fumes, which are luminous in the dark 
and having an odor somewhat resembling garlic. On longer exposure 
to air it takes fire spontaneously. Insoluble in water dnd only partially 
soluble in alcohol. Soluble in ether and chloroform. On account of its 
great inflammability it should be kept under water. 

Antidotes : Produce vomiting with copper sulphate given in dilute 
solution, three grains every five minutes, then give old turpentine, or 
better, a solution of potassium permanganate t\t%. 

Official in the pills, spirit and phosphorated oil. It is a general stim- 
ulant, especially for the brain.. Dose: T itj to -V of a grain (0.0006 to 
0.0008 gm.). 

There is another form of phosphorus called RED or AMORPHOUS 
PHOSPHORUS, made by exposing phosphorus to a temperature of 
2i5°C (4i9°F) to 2 5o°C (482°F) in an atmosphere which has no action 
upon it, or in closed glass tubes. 



63 

This variety is less easily acted upon by the air than ordinary phos- 
phorus. Insoluble in carbon disulphide, ether or alcohol. It is used 
in the manufacture of matches and forms a much safer material than 
ordinary phosphorus. 

SPIRITUS PHOSPHORI (Spirit of Phosphorus), Tincture of Phos- 
phorus. 

Prepared by dissolving phosphorus in boiling absolute alcohol. Each 
fluid drachm contains r 5 of a grain of phosphorus. 

Official in the elixir. 

ELIXIR PHOSPHORI (Elixir of Phosphorus). 

Contains spirit of phosphorus, oil of anise, glycerin and aromatic elixir. 

E.ich fluid drachm contains about ^ of a grain of phosphorus. 

Dose : 20 to 40 minims (1.25 to 2.5 C.c). 

OLEUM PHOSPHORATUM (Phosphorated Oil). 

Contains i c / c of phosphorus. 

Prepared by heating oil of sweet almond, straining, adding phosphorus 
and again heating, agitating until the phosphorus is dissolved and adding 
ether as a preservative and to render it less disagreeable to the taste. 

The object in heating the oil is to expel air and traces of water which 
would aid in oxidizing the phosphorus. 

Dose: 3 to 5 minims (0.18 to 0.3 C.c). 

PILULE PHOSPHORI (Pills of Phosphorus). 

Prepared by dissolving phosphorus in chloroform with the aid of heat, 
mixing with powdered acacia and powdered marshmallow, previously 
mixed together, and make the mass with a mixture of two volumes of 
glycerin and one volume of water, then coat with balsam of tolu dissolved 
in ether. Each pill contains ico of a grain of phosphorus (0.0006 gm.). 

Potassium Compounds. 

POTASSIUM (K) is a metal obtained by decomposing potassium 
carbonate, mixed with charcoal. 

It has a strong affinity for oxygen, and when thrown upon water takes 
fire and burns with a rose-colored flame, combining with oxygen and 
generating potassium hydrate, which dissolves in the water. 

On account of this property it must be kept in liquids, such as naptha, 
which contain no oxygen. 

POTASSA (Potassa), KOH. Potassium Hydrate, Potassium Hy- 
droxide, Caustic Potash. 

Prepared by decomposing a solution of potassium carbonate with 
freshly slaked lime, filtering off the precipitated calcium carbonate, evap- 
orating the filtrate to dryness, fusing and moulding into sticks or cakes. 

It is very deliquescent and should be kept in hermetically sealed 
bottles. Soluble in h part water and 2 parts of alcohol. It may be 



64 

distinguished from the other fixed alkalies (soda and lithia) by its solu- 
tion affording a crystalline precipitate (cream of tartar) with an excess 
of tartaric acid. It is a powerful escharotic. 

Used in making the solution of potassa and potassa with lime. 

LIQUOR POTASS^E (Solution of Potassa). Contains 5% of po- 
tassa. 

Prepared by dissolving 56 grams of potassa in 944 grams of water. 

It should be kept in bottles with glass stoppers which are coated with 
petrolatum, otherwise the stopper will be cemented to the neck of the 
bottle. 

Incompatible with solutions of the metals, alkaloids, acid solutions, 
etc. Antidotes : Mild acids, as vinegar and lemon juice. 

It is antacid and diuretic. Dose : 10 to 30 minims (0.6 to 1.9 C.C.). 

POTASSA CUM CALCE (Potassa with Lime). Vienna Paste, 
Vienna Caustic. 

Prepared by rubbing together equal parts of lime and potassa. Deli- 
quescent and should be kept in well-stoppered bottles. It is used as a 
caustic, the lime causing it to be milder in its action. 

POTASSA SULPHURATA (Sulphurated Potassa) Liver of Sul- 
phur, Sulphuret of Potassium. 

Prepared by heating together sublimed sulphur and potassium car- 
bonate, and should be kept in well-stoppered bottles. 

It is a mixture of potassium sulphide and hyposulphite, and is of a 
liver-brown color ; therefore called liver of sulphur. Soluble in 2 parts 
of water. 

On exposure to the air it attracts oxygen and the potassium sulphide 
is changed into potassium sulphate, which renders the preparation ino- 
dorous and white on the surface. 

Its solution is decomposed by the mineral acids. It is incompatible 
with solutions of most of the metals, which are precipitated as sul- 
phides. 

,It is a local irritant. Dose: 2 to 10 grains (0.13 to 0.65 gm.). 

POTASSII ACETAS (Potassium Acetate) KC 2 H 3 2 . 

Prepared by neutralizing acetic acid with potassium carbonate and 
evaporating to dryness, liquifying by heat and cooling. 

Deliquescent on exposure to air and should be kept in well-stoppered 
bottles. 

Soluble in water and alcohol. It is used as a diuretic. Dose : 20 to 
60 grains (1.3 to 3.9 gm.). 

Incompatible with mineral acids, sodium and magnesium acetates, 
mercuric chloride and silver nitrate. 



65 



LECTURE NO. 9. 



POTASSII BICARBONAS (Potassium Bicarbonate) KHC0 3 . 

Saleratus. 

Prepared by saturating a strong solution of potassium carbonate with 
carbonic acid gas, evaporating and crystallizing. 

Permanent in the air. Soluble in water and almost insoluble in alco- 
hol. Used in the preparation of solution of magnesium citrate and 
other effervescing draughts. 

Used therapeutically for the same purposes as the carbonate. Dose : 
20 to 6o grains (1.3 to 3.9 gm.). 

POTASSII BICHROMAS (Potassium Bichromate) K 2 Cr,O r , Potas- 
sium Dichromate, Red Chromate of Potash. 

Prepared from chrome iron ore. by heating with potassium nitrate and 
lixiviating the mass with water. The solution by evaporation yields po- 
tassium chromate, which is acted upon with sulphuric acid, forming the 
bichromate, potassium sulphate and water. 

Permanent in the air. Soluble in water and insoluble in alcohol. 

It is an irritant caustic, but is used mostly in volumetric solution and 
in the calico manufacture. 

Antidotes : Soap, magnesia and chalk. 

POTASSII BITARTRAS (Potassium Bitartrate) KHQH 4 G , Cream 
of Tartar, Supertartrate of Potassa, Crystals of Tartar, Acid Potassium 
Tartrate. 

Prepared from ARGOLS (which is an impure potassium bitartrate 
deposited on the sides of wine casks during fermentation) by treating 
with boiling water, the impurities filtered off and the solution evapor- 
ated and crystallized. 

Permanent in the air. Slightly soluble in water, but its solubility is 
increased by the addition of borax or boracic acid. Sparingly soluble 
in alcohol. The U. S. P. allows 1% of impurities. 

Often adulterated with gypsum, sand, chalk, etc. 

Official in compound powder of jalap and compound effervescing 
powder. 

Used as a cathartic and diuretic. Dose: 60 to 120 grains (3.9 to 
7.8 gm.). 

POTASSII BROMIDUM (Potassium Bromide). KBr. 

Prepared by mixing bromine with a solution of potassa, evaporating 
to dryness, heating with charcoal, to convert the bromate present into 
bromide, dissolving the mass in water, filtering and crystallizing. 

The bromate may.be detected in the bromide by dropping on the crys- 
tals a drop of dilute sulphuric acid, which will produce a yellow color if 
bromate be present. It should be kept in well-stoppered bottles. 
9 



06 

Permanent in the air. Soluble in water and but little soluble in 
alcohol. 

Incompatible with solutions containing free chlorine, nitrous or nitric 
acids, bromine being freed. It is a sedative. Dose : 20 to 60 grains 
(1.3 to 3.9 gm.). 

POTASSII CARBONAS (Potassium Carbonate) K 2 C0 3 , Sal Tartar. 

Prepared from .pearlash (impure potassium carbonate) by lixiviating 
with water, evaporating and granulating the product. 

Very deliquescent. Soluble in water but insoluble in alcohol. 

Incompatible with acids and acidulous salts, ammonium chloride, am- 
monium acetate, lime water, calcium chloride, magnesium sulphate, alum, 
tartar emetic, silver nitrate, ammoniated copper, ammouiated iron, fer- 
rous sulphate, tincture ferric chloride, mercurous chloride, lead acetate, 
and subacetate, zinc sulphate. It is not decomposed by iron and potas- 
sium tartrate. 

Used as an antacid and diuretic. Dose: 10 to 30 grains (0.65 to 
1.95 gm.). 

Impure potassium carbonate is called PEARLASH, or impure Po- 
tassa, and is obtained from the ashes of wood by lixiviation with water, 
filtering and evaporating. 

POTASH CHLORAS (Potassium Chlorate) KC10 3 . Chlorate of 
Potash, Hyperoxymuriate of Potassa. 

Prepared by acting on a solution of potassium chloride, with calcium 
hypochlorite, with the aid of heat. Upon cooling the potassium chlo- 
rate crystallizes out and calcium chloride remains in solution. It should 
be kept in glass-stoppered bottles. 

Permanent in the air. Soluble in water and insoluble in alcohol. It 
is slightly soluble in a mixture of water and alcohol. At 234°C (453. 2 
F) the salt fuses, and above 352°C (665. 6°F) it is decomposed into oxy- 
gen and potassium perchlorate, and above 4oo°C (752^) all its oxygen 
is liberated and potassium chloride remains. 

It should not be mixed with organic matter, such as cork, tannic acid, 
sugar, etc., or with sulphur, antimony sulphide, phosphorus or other 
easily oxidizable substances, as dangerous explosions are apt to occur. 

Used quite extensively as an alterative stimulant local application in 
inflammation of mucous membranes. 

Dose internally : 10 to 20 grains (0.7 to 1.3 gm.). In overdose it is 
an active poison. 

TROCHISCI POTASSII CHLORATIS (Troches of Potassium 
Chlorate). Contain potassium chlorate, sugar, tragacanth, spirit of 
lemon and water. 

Each lozenge contains about 5 grains of the chlorate. Used mostly 
in sore : throat. 



67 

POTASSII C1TRAS (Potassium Citrate). K,C,H-,O r ,H,0. 

Prepared by adding potassium carbonate to a solution of citric acid 
in water, keeping the solution neutral, filtering and evaporating to dry- 
ness, and should be kept in well-stoppered bottles. 

Deliquescent on exposure to air. Soluble in water and sparingly 
soluble in alcohol. 

It is a grateful refrigerant diaphoretic. Dose: 20 to 25 grains (1.3 
to 1.565 gm.). 

POTASSII CITRAS EFFERVESCENS (Effervescent Potassium 
Citrate). Prepared by mixing in a warm mortar, citric acid, potassium 
bicarbonate and sugar in powder, drying and powdering. 

It should be kept in well-stoppered bottles. Dose : 1 to 2 teaspoon- 
fuls in cold water. 

LIQUOR POTASSII CITRATIS (Solution of Potassium Citrate), 
Mixture of Citrate of Potash, Neutral Mixture, Saline Mixture, Efferv- 
escent Draught. Contains 9% of anhydrous potassium citrate. 

Contains citric acid, potassium bicarbonate and water, and should be 
freshly prepared when wanted. 

It is a refrigerant diaphoretic. Dose : £ fluid ounce (15 C.c). 

POTASSII CYANIDUM (Potassium Cyanide), KCN. Cyanuret of 
Potassium. 

Prepared by heating together potassium ferrocyanide and carbonate. 
The iron settles at the bottom, from which the fused liquid is poured 
into moulds and cooled. 

Deliquescent in moist air, and should be kept in well-stoppered bottles. 
Soluble in water and sparingly soluble in alcohol. It should be white, 
and if yellow contains iron. 

It is used largely in electro-metallurgy and photography. Internally 
it is used for the same purpose as dilute hydrocyanic acid. Dose : J 
grain (0.008 gm.). 

It is very poisonous and the antidote is the same as that for hydrocy- 
anic acid. 

POTASSII ET S.ODII TARTRAS (Potassium and Sodium Tar- 
trate; KNaC 4 H 4 6 , 4H.O. Tartrated Soda, Rochelle Salt. 

Prepared by dissolving sodium carbonate in water, adding potassium 
bitartrate, boiling a few minutes, keeping the solution neutral, filtering, 
concentrating and crystallizing. 

It slightly effloresces in dry air. Soluble in water and almost insolu- 
ble in alcohol. Often adulterated with sodium sulphate. 

Incompatible with most acids, and with all acidulous salts except po 
tassium bitartrate. Decomposed by lead acetate and subacetate, and 
by the soluble calcium and barium salts, unless the solution of the tar- 
trate be considerably diluted. 

It is a mild, cooling purgative. Dose : J to 1 ounce (15.5 to 31.1 gm.). 



68 

PULVIS EFFERVESCENS COMPOSITUS (Compound Efferves- 
cing Powder, Seidlitz Powder, Effervescing Tartrated Soda Powder. 

Each powder contains 40 grains sodium bicarbonate mixed with 120 
grains potassium and sodium tartrate folded in a blue paper, and 35 
grains tartaric acid, folded in a white paper. 

When taken the powders should be dissolved separately in water and 
then mixed. 

Used as a laxative. 

POTASSII FERROCYANIDUM (Potassium Ferrocyanide) K 4 Fe 
(CN), 5 , 3HX) Yellow Prussiate of Potash, Ferrocyanuret of Potassium, 
Ferroprussiate of Potash, Prussiate of Potassa. 

Prepared by heating animal matters, such as horns, hoofs, chips of 
horns, woolen rags, etc., with pearlash and scrap iron, in an iron pot, 
dissolving the mass in water, evaporating and crystallizing. The crys- 
tals contain some potassium cyanide which is converted into the ferro- 
cyanide by the aid of ferrous sulphide and caustic potassa. 

Slightly efflorescent on exposure to dry air, and should be kept in 
well-stoppered bottles. Soluble in water and insoluble in alcohol. 

Used principally by dyers and calico .printers, and for the preparation 
of dilute hydrocyanic acid. Rarely used internally. Dose: 10 to 15 
grains (0.65 to 0.97 gm.). 

POTASSII HYPOPHOSPHIS (Potassium Hypophosphite), KHa 
PCX. 

Prepared by acting on a solution of calcium hypophosphite with one 
of granulated potassium carbonate, filtering off the precipitated calcium 
carbonate, evaporating and crystallizing. 

Very deliquescent, and should be kept in well-stoppered bottles. Sol- 
uble in water and alcohol. 

Official in syrup of hypophosphites. Used in the treatment of 
phthisis. Dose : 10 to 30 grains (0.65 to 1.95 gm.). 

SYRUPUS HYPOPHOSPHITUM (Syrup of Hypophosphites). 

Contains calcium hypophosphite, potassium hypophosphite, sodium 
hypophosphite, diluted hypophosphorus acid, sugar, spirit of lemon and 
water. 

Each fluid drachm contains about 2\ grains of the calcium salt, and 
not quite 1 grain each of the potassium and sodium salts. 

Official in syrup of hypophosphites with iron. 

Dose : 1 to 2 fluid drachms (3.7 to 7.5 C.c). 

SYRUPUS HYPOPHOSPPIITUM CUM FERRO (Syrup of Hypo- 
phosphites with Iron). 

Contains ferrous lactate, potassium citrate to retain the lactate in solu- 
tion, and syrup of hypophosphites. It is chalybeate. Dose : 1 to 2 
fluid drachms (3.7 to 7.5 C.c). 



POTASSII IODIDUM (Potassium Iodide), KL 

Prepared by mixing iodine with solution of potash, evaporating to 
dryness, fusing with charcoal, dissolving in water, filtering, evaporating 
and crystallizing. In the first part of the process iodide and iodate of 
potassium are formed, and by fusing with charcoal the iodate is con- 
verted into iodide. 

To test for the presence of iodate in iodide, make an aqueous solu- 
tion of potassium iodide, boil to expel all gases, add a little starch test 
solution and a few drops of dilute sulphuric acid, and if iodate is pres- 
ent a blue color will immediately appear. 

Permanent in the air, and should be kept in well-stoppered bottles. 
Soluble in water and alcohol. It often contains potassium carbonate as 
an impurity. 

Incompatible with alkaloids, calomel, mercurous and mercuric oxides, 
turpeth mineral, white precipitate, blue mass, metallic mercury, spirit of 
nitrous ether, etc. Its properties are the same as those of iodine. 

Official in the ointment and compound solution of iodine. 

Dose : 2 to 10 grains (0.13 to 0.65 gm.). 

UNGUENTUM POTASSI IODIDI (Ointment of Potassium Io- 
dide). Contains 12% of potassium iodide. 

Contains potassium iodide, sodium hyposulphite to prevent the forma- 
tion of free iodine, and benzoinated lard. 

Used for scrofulous tumors, indolent ulcers, swellings, etc., and does 
not discolor the skin. 

POTASSII NITRAS (Potassium Nitrate), KNO ;3 . Salt Petre. 

It exists native in the earth in Chili, India, U. S., and different parts 
of Europe. Often associated with calcium nitrate. The saline earths 
which contain it are lixiviated with water, filtered through wood ashes 
(which converts the calcium nitrate into potassium nitrate), evaporated, 
filtered and set aside to crystallize. It is further purified by resolution 
and recrystallization. 

Permanent in the air. Soluble in water and little soluble in alcohol. 
When fused and moulded, or formed into little cakes, it is called Crystal 
Mineral or SAL PRUNELLE. 

Official in diluted nitrate of silver and potassium nitrate paper. 

It is refrigerant, diuretic and diaphoretic. Locally it is irritant and 
stimulant. 

CHARTA POTASSII NITRATIS (Potassium Nitrate Paper). 

Prepared by dissolving potassium nitrate in water, dipping strips of 
white, unsized paper in this solution and drying. Used principally in 
asthma. 

POTASSII PERMANGANAS (Potassium Permanganate), KMnO,. 

Prepared by evaporating to dryness a mixture of potassa, potassium 
chlorate, manganese dioxide with a little water, which forms potassium 



70 

manganate. It is then heated to redness, cooled and boiled with water> 
which converts the manganate into permanganate. 

It contains a large quantity of oxygen and is one of the most power- 
ful oxidixing agents, causing the combustion of certain inflammable 
bodies, and imparts oxygen to almost all organic bodies. 

It should be kept in well stoppered bottles, away from light. Perma- 
nent in the air. Soluble in water and is decomposed in contact with 
alcohol. 

It is a powerful disinfectant. When used internally it may be made 
into pills with cacao butter or resin cerate. Dose : i to 2 grains (0.065 
to 0.13 gm.). 

POTASSII SULPHAS (Potassium Sulphate), K 2 S0 4 . Vitriolated 
Tartar. 

Obtained as a secondary product in the preparation of nitric acid 
from potassium nitrate and sulphuric acid. Also prepared by the de- 
composition of potassium tartrate with calcium sulphate. 

Permanent in the air. Soluble in water and insoluble in alcohol. 

It is a mild purgative. Dose : 15 to 60 grains (0.975 to 3.90 gm.). 

Silicon Compounds. 

LIQUOR SODII SILICATIS (Solution of Sodium Silicate), Solu- 
ble Glass. 

Prepared by fusing together sand and dried sodium carbonate, then 
boiling the mass with water. Contains about 20% of silica and 10% of 
soda. 

Used in the preparation of mechanical dressings in surgery. 

Silver Compounds. 

ARGENTI CYANIDUM (Silver Cyanide), AgCN. Cyanuret of 
Silver, Cyanate of Silver. 

Prepared by passing hydrocyanic acid gas into a solution of silver 
nitrate, or by mixing solutions of potassium cyanide and silver nitrate. 

Permanent in dry air, but gradually turns brown when exposed to 
light, and should be kept in dark amber colored bottles, away from light. 
Insoluble in water or alcohol, but soluble in boiling nitric acid, ammonia 
water, solution of sodium hypophosphite, or of potassium cyanide. Its 
best solvent is potassium cyanide. Used for the extemporaneous prep- 
aration of dilute hydrocyanic acid. 

ARGENTI IODIDUM (Silver Iodide), Agl. 

Prepared by mixing solutions of potassium iodide and silver nitrate, 
washing and drying the precipitate. It should be kept in close stoppered 
bottles, away from the light. It is unalterable in the light if pure, but 
as usually found, becomes somewhat greenish yellow. Insoluble in 
water, alcohol, dilute acids, or in solution of ammonium carbonate. 
Soluble in 2500 parts of stronger ammonia water, and in an aqueous. 



71 

solution of potassium cyanide, or a concentrated solution of potassium 
iodide. 

It has the general medicinal properties of silver nitrate. 

Dose : i to 2 grains (,0.065 t0 °- r 3 §' m -^- 

ARGENTI NITRAS (Silver Nitrate), AgNO s . 

Prepared by dissolving silver in nitric acid, evaporating and crystal- 
lizing. 

It becomes gray, or grayish black, on exposure to light in the 
presence of organic matter. Soluble in water and alcohol. Its solution 
stains the skin, linen and muslin an indelible black color. 

Incompatible with most all spring and river water, on account of a 
little common salt usually contained in them, with soluble chlorides, 
sulphuric, hydrosulphuric, hydrochloric, tartaric acids and their salts,with 
the alkalies and their carbonates, lime water and with astringent infusions. 

Used in preparing moulded and fused nitrate of silver. 

It is employed as an escharotic, and internally in the treatment of 
subacute gastritis, chronic diarrhoea, etc. Dose : J grain (0.016 gm.) 
gradually increased to h grain (0.032 gm.) made into a pill with sugar of 
milk and glucose. It should not be administered internally in solution 
as the solution is decomposed by the liquids of the mouth. 

Antidote : Salt, soap, alkalies, etc. 

ARGENTI NITRAS DILUTUS (Diluted Silver Nitrate), Silver 
and Potassium Nitrate, Mitigated Caustic. 

Prepared by fusing together one part of silver nitrate with two parts 
of potassium nitrate, which renders the silver nitrate less caustic, and 
should be kept in dark amber colored bottles. 

It becomes gray or grayish black on exposure to air in the presence 
of organic matter. It is escharotic. 

ARGENTI NITRAS FUSUS (Fused Silver Nitrate) Lunar Caustic, 
Moulded Nitrate of Silver. 

Prepared by fusing silver nitrate with 4% of hydrochloric acid, which 
renders the silver nitrate tough, and should be kept in dark amber col- 
ored bottles, away from the light. 

It is liable to contain free silver, from having been exposed to too 
high a heat, lead and copper nitrates, from the impurity in the silver 
dissolved in the acid, and potassium nitrate, from fraudulent admixture, 
or otherwise. 

ARGENTI OXIDUM (Silver Oxide), Ag 2 0. 

Prepared by precipitating a solution of silver nitrate with solution of 
lime. 

It is reduced by the action of light, and should, therefore, be kept in 
well-closed bottles, away from the light. Slightly soluble in water and 
insoluble in alcohol. 

Used sometimes as a substitute for nitrate. 



72 

Sodium Compounds. 

SODIUM (Sodium) Na, is a soft, malleable, ductile solid of a silver 
white color. 

When thrown upon water it acts the same as Potassium, forming 
Sodium Hydrate and the liberated hydrogen burns with a yellow flame. 
It should be kept under naptha. 

SODA (Soda), NaOH. Sodium Hydrate, Sodium Hydroxide, Caus- 
tic Soda. 

Prepared similar to potassa, by using sodium carbonate in place of 
potassium carbonate. 

Its properties and uses are the same as those for potassa. Soluble in 
water and alcohol. 

LIQUOR SOD.^E (Solution of Soda.) Contains 5% of sodium hy- 
drate. 

May be prepared by dissolving 56 grams of soda in 944 grams of 
water. Its properties and uses are the same as those for solution of 
potassa. 

SODII ACETAS (Sodium Acetate) NaC 2 H 3 2 , 3H0O. 

Prepared by neutralizing acetic acid with sodium carbonate, evapor- 
ating and crystallizing. 

Efflorescent in warm, dry air, and should be kept in well-stoppered 
bottles. Soluble in water and alcohol. It is diuretic. Dose : 20 to 120 
grains (1.3 to 7.8 gm.). 

SODII ARSENAS (Sodium Arsenate) Na 2 HAs0 4 , 7 H 2 0. 

Prepared by fusing together arsenous acid, sodium nitrate, and dried 
sodium carbonate, dissolving the fused mass in boiling water, filtering 
and setting aside to crystallize. 

Efflorescent in dry air, and should be kept in well-stoppered bottles. 
Soluble in water and slightly soluble in alcohol. 

Its medical properties are the same as the other preparations of 
arsenic. Used in making the solution. Dose : xs to J- grains (0.005 t0 
0.02 gm.). 

LIQUOR SODII ARSENATIS (Solution of Sodium Arsenate). 

Prepared by dissolving sodium arsenate in distilled water, and con- 
tains 1%. 

Dose : 3 to 5 minims (0.18 to 0.3 C.c). 

SODII BENZOAS (Sodium Benzoate) NaC 7 H 5 2 . 

Prepared by neutralizing a hot solution of sodium carbonate with, 
benzoic acid, allowing to cool and crystallizing. 

Permanent in the air. Soluble in water and alcohol. 

Used as a remedy in gout and rheumatism. Dose : 1 to 2 drachms 
(3.9 to 7.8 gm.). 



73 

LECTURE NO. lO. 

SODII BICARBOXAS (Sodium Bicarbonate) NaHC0 8 Soda Sal- 
eratus. 

Prepared by passing carbonic acid gas into a solution of sodium car- 
bonate : also by reaction between sodium chloride and ammonium 
bicarbonate : also by the Solvay process as follows : By dissolving 
sodium chloride in ammonia water, passing a stream of carbonic acid 
gas into the solution, whereby sodium bicarbonate is precipitated and 
ammonium chloride remains in solution. It must contain 98.6% of the 
pure salt. Wrongly called Saleratus (which is potassium bicarbonate). 

Permanent in the air, but slowly decomposes in -moist air. Soluble in 
water and insoluble in alcohol. 

Its medicinal properties are the same as those of the carbonate. 

Dose : 10 to 60 grains (0.65 to 3.9 gm.). Official in the troche. 

TROCHISCI SODII BICARBOXATIS (Troches of Sodium Bicar- 
bonate). Contains sodium bicarbonate, sugar, nutmeg, and mucilage of 
tragacanth. 

Each troche contains 3 grains of the salt. Dose : 1 to 6 troches. 

SODII BISULPHIS (Sodium Bisulphite) XaHSO :J . 

Prepared by thoroughly saturating a concentrated solution of sodium 
carbonate or bicarbonate with sulphurous acid gas, and collecting the 
crystals which form upon the cooling of the liquid. It should be kept in 
a cool place, in small, well-stoppered bottles, as nearly full as possible. 
When exposed to the air it loses sulphur dioxide and is gradually 
oxidized to sulphate. Soluble in water and partially so in alcohol. 

When strongly heated it decrepitates, emits vapors of sulphur, and 
sulphur dioxide, and leaves a residue of sodium sulphate. 

Soluble in water and sparingly so in alcohol. 

SODII BORAS (Sodium Borate) Na. 2 B 4 O r , 10 H 2 0. Borax, Biborate 
of Sodium, Pyroborate of Sodium. 

Obtained in immense quantities native in the lakes of California, 
Thibet and Persia : and is found native in the earths of South America. 

Prepared artificially by boiling together boric acid and sodium car- 
bonate with water. 

Slightly efflorescent in warm, dry air. Soluble in water and insoluble in 
alcohol. It has the property of rendering cream of tartar very soluble in 
water, and forms a combination called soluble cream of tartar. It is in- 
compatible with the alkaloids, and in warm solution decomposes calomel. 

Its medical properties are the same as those of boric acid. Dose : 30 
to 40 grains (1.95 to 2.6 gm.). 

SODII BROMIDUM (Sodium Bromide) NaBr. 

Prepared the same as potassium bromide, solution of soda being used 
10 



74 

in place of solution of potassa, and should be kept in well-stoppered 
bottles. 

On exposure to the air it absorbs water without deliquescing. Solu- 
ble in water and alcohol. 

Its medicinal uses are the same as those of potassium bromide. 
Dose : J to 2 drachms (1.95 to 7.8 gm.). 

SODII CARBONAS (Sodium Carbonate) Na 2 C0 8 ,ioH 2 0. Sal Soda. 
Washing Soda. 

Obtained by three processes, namely : Le Blanc, Cryolite, and Solvay 
(or ammonia). 

Le Blanc process : By acting on sodium chloride with sulphuric acid, 
then decomposing the sulphate with calcium carbonate. 

Solvay process : By dissolving sodium chloride in ammonia water, 
and passing carbonic acid gas into the solution, then heating. 

Cryolite process : Cryolite is a double salt of aluminum and sodium 
fluoride. Sodium carbonate is formed by heating cryolite with lime 
whereby calcium fluoride is formed, while the sodium and aluminum 
combine to form sodium aluminate, which is dissolved out by lixiviation. 
The soda is converted into the carbonate by passing carbonic acid gas 
under pressure into the solution, and the aluminum separated from the 
soda, becomes insoluble and is deposited. 

Efflorescent in dry air. Soluble in water and insoluble in alcohol. 

Incompatible with acids (which decompose it with effervescence), 
acidulous salts, lime water, ammonium chloride and earthy and metallic 
salts. 

When taken in overdose it is a poison, the antidotes being fixed oils, 
acetic acid and lemon juice. Dose : 10 to 30 grains (0.65 to 1.95 gm.). 

SODII CARBONAS EXSICCATUS (Dried Sodium Carbonate). 

Prepared by breaking the crystals of sodium carbonate into small' 
pieces, allowing to effloresce for several -days, in warm air at a temper- 
ature not exceeding 20°C (77°F) and drying the white powder at a tem- 
perature of about 45°C (ii3°F) until the weight is one-half that of the 
quantity started with, passing through a sieve and keeping it in well- 
stoppered bottles. 

Its advantage over the carbonate is that it can be readily made into 
pills. 

Dose : 5 to 15 grains (0.33 to 1 gm.) 

SODII CHLORAS (Sodium Chlorate) NaC10 3 . 

Prepared by adding a strong solution of tartaric acid to a hot aque- 
ous solution of sodium carbonate, adding a solution of potassium chlor- 
ate. Potassium bitartrate will separate while the sodium chlorate in 
solution may be obtained by evaporating and crystallizing. It should 
be kept in glass-stoppered bottles, and the same precautions be used in 
handling it as are used in potassium chlorate. 



75 

Permanent in dry air. Soluble in water and glycerin, partially sol- 
uble in alcohol. 

It has the same medicinal properties as potassium chlorate. Dose : 
5 to 15 grains (0.3 to 1 gm.). 

SODII CHLORIDUM (Sodium Chloride), NaCl, Table Salt, Com- 
mon Salt, Sea Salt, Muriate of Soda. 

It exists in nature in a solid state as Rock Salt and Fossil Salt in the 
earth, and in solution in certain mineral springs and the ocean. 

Permanent in dry air when pure, but when contaminated with magne- 
sium chloride, as it often is, it is deliquescent. Soluble in water and 
almost insoluble in alcohol. 

Incompatible with some of the acids, (particularly sulphuric and nitric 
acids, which disengage vapors of hydrochloric acid) silver nitrate and 
mercurous nitrate. 

It is used principally for domestic purposes as a condiment and anti- 
septic. In pharmacy it is used to prepare chlorine, hydrochloric acid, 
ammonium chloride, mild mercurous chloride, mercuric chloride, and 
sodium sulphate. It is tonic, anthelmintic and purgative. Dose : 2 
drachms to one-half ounce (7.8 to 15.5 gm.). 

SODII HYPOPHOSPHIS (Sodium Hypophosphite) NaH 2 PO,, H 2 0. 
Prepared by adding sodium carbonate to a solution of calcium hypo- 
phosphite as long as a precipitate of calcium carbonate is formed, filter- 
ing the solution and evaporating. In evaporating the solution care 
should be exercised and not too great a heat be employed, else explo- 
sion will result. It should be kept in well-stoppered bottles. 

Deliquescent in moist air. Soluble in water and alcohol. Incompati- 
ble with the soluble salts of mercury and silver. 

Its medical properties are the same as the other hypophosphites. 
Official in syrup of hypophosphites. Dose: 10 to 30 grains (0.65 to 
1.95 gm.). 

SODII HYPOSULPHIS (Sodium Hyposulphite) Na 2 S 2 3 , sH 2 0. 
Sodium Thiosulphite. 

Prepared by heating a mixture of sodium carbonate with sulphur, 
forming sodium sulphide, stirring while hot so that every portion of it 
may come in contact with the air, which converts the sulphide to sul- 
phite, dissolving in water, boiling with sulphur, which forms sodium hy- 
posulphite, evaporating and crystallizing. It should be kept in well- 
stoppered bottles. 

Permanent in the air, below 33°C (9i.4°F) but efflorescent above that 
temperature. Soluble in water and insoluble in alcohol. Its solution 
dissolves silver chloride and all water insoluble compounds of silver 
(except the sulphide), iodine ; it decomposes iodic acid with the libera- 
tion of iodine, and destroys the blue color of starch iodide. 



It is used to prevent putrefaction and also used extensively in pho- 
tography. 

SODII IODIDUM (Sodium Iodide) Nal. 

Prepared by the same process as potassium iodide except using solu- 
tion of caustic soda in place of caustic potassa, and should be kept in 
well-stoppered bottles. 

Deliquescent in moist air and becomes partially decomposed into 
sodium carbonate and free iodine. Soluble in water and alcohol. 

Its medical properties are the same as those of potassium iodide. 
Dose : 20 grains (1.3 gm.). 

SODII NITRAS (Sodium Nitrate) NaNO s . Cubic Nitre. 

It exists naturally in Chili, Peru and Brazil. 

Deliquescent in moist air, and should be kept in well-stoppered bot- 
tles. Soluble in water and partially soluble in alcohol. 

Used in making sulphuric acid and is rarely used internally. Dose : 
J to 1 ounce (15.5 to 31. 1 gm.). 

SODII NITRIS (Sodium Nitrite) NaN0 2 . 

Prepared by heating sodium nitrate with organic substances or by 
fusing it with lead, and should be kept in well-stoppered bottles. 

When exposed to the air it deliquesces and is gradually oxidized to 
sodium nitrate. Soluble in water and slightly soluble in alcohol. 

It was made official in the U. S. P. 1890 solely for the preparation of 
spirit of nitrous ether. 

SODII PHOSPHAS (Sodium Phosphate) Na 2 HP0 4 , i2H 2 0, Sodium 
Orthophosphate, Medicinal Tribasic Phosphate of Sodium. 

Prepared from bone ash or bone earth (obtained by burning bones 
with the access of air), by treating with sulphuric acid, forming acid 
phosphate of calcium, and saturating with a hot solution of sodium car- 
bonate. It should be kept in well-stoppered bottles. 

Effloresces in the air, and gradually loses 5 molecules of water of crys- 
tallization (25.1%). Soluble in water and insoluble in alcohol. 

Incompatible with soluble salts of lime (with which it gives a precipi- 
tate of calcium phosphate), and the neutral metallic solutions. 

It is purgative. Dose : 20 to 40 grains (1.3 to 2.6 gm.). 

SODII PYROPHOSHAS (Sodium Pyrophosphate) Na 4 P 2 7 , ioH 2 0. 

Prepared by heating sodium phosphate to redness, dissolving in 
water, filtering and crystallizing. 

Permanent in cool air, but slightly efflorescent in dry air. Soluble 
in water and insoluble in alcohol. Its medicinal action is the same as 
that of the phosphate. 

"Used in preparing ferric pyrophosphate. 

SODII SALICYLAS (Sodium Salicylate) NaC 7 H 5 3 . 

Prepared by the action of salicylic acid on sodium carbonate, in the 
presence of water, liberating carbon dioxide and leaving sodium salicy- 



77 

late in solution. It should be kept in well-stoppered bottles, away 
from light and heat. 

Permanent in cool air. Soluble in water, alcohol and glycerin. 

Incompatible with acids, salts of metals, solutions of many alkalies, 
antipyrin, etc. 

Used for the same purposes as salicylic acid. Dose: 15 to 30 grains 
(1 to 2 gm.). 

SODh SULPHAS (Sodium Sulphate) Xa,S0 4 , ioH 2 0. Glauber Salt. 

Obtained from the residue left in the manufacture of hydrochloric 
acid from sodium chloride, by neutralizing with sodium carbonate and 
crystallizing from solution in water. It exists in nature in many 
springs. 

Effloresces rapidly in the air, and finally loses all of its water of crys- 
tallization. It should be kept in well-closed bottles. Soluble in water 
and glycerin, but insoluble in alcohol. 

Incompatible with potassium carbonate, calcium chloride, salts of 
barium, lead acetate and subacetate, silver, if the solutions are strong. 

It is a hydragogue cathartic. Dose : ^ to 1 ounce (15.5 to 31. 1 gm.). 

SOD1I SULPHIS (Sodium Sulphite) Na 2 S0 3 , 7H 2 0. 

Prepared by the action of sulphurous acid on sodium carbonate or 
caustic soda, and should be kept in well-stoppered bottles, in a cool 
place. 

Effloresces in the air, and is slowly oxidized to the sulphate. Soluble 
in water, but insoluble in alcohol. 

It is antiseptic. Dose : 1 drachm (3.9 gm.). 

SODII SULPHOCARBOLAS (Sodium Sulphocarbolate) NaS0 3 C 6 H, 
(OH). 2 H,0. 

Prepared by dissolving phenol in excess of sulphuric acid, supersat- 
urating the liquid with barium carbonate, filtering, and treating the filtrate 
with sodium carbonate until no further precipitation occurs, filtering and 
evaporating. 

Efflorescent in dry air. Soluble in water and less so in alcohol. 

It unites the properties of sulphuric and carbolic acids. Dose : 3 to 
20 grains (0.2 to 1.3 gm.). 

Strontium Compounds. 

STRONTII BROMIIXJM (Strontium Bromide) SrBr,, 6H,0. 

Prepared by burning strontium in bromine vapor. Also by dissolving 
strontium carbonate in hydrobromic acid. Very deliquescent. Soluble 
in water and alcohol, and should be kept in glass-stoppered bottles. 

Incompatible with soluble carbonates and sulphates, all the other 
bromides and mineral acids. 

Used for the same purpose as potassium bromide. Dose : 5 to 10 
grains (0.33 to 0.66 gm.;. 



STRONTII IODIDUM (Strontium Iodide) Srl 2 , 6H,0. 

Prepared by saturating a solution of hydriodic acid with strontium 
hydrate and evaporating. It should be kept in dark amber glass-stop- 
pered bottles. 

Very deliquescent and is colored yellow by exposure to air and light. 
Soluble in water but insoluble in alcohol. It contains 56.5% iodine. 

Used for the same purpose as potassium iodide. Dose : 5 to 10 grains 
(0.33 to 0.66 gm.). 

STRONTII LACTAS (Strontium Lactate) Sr (C 8 H 5 8 ) 2 , 3HA 

Prepared by dissolving freshly precipitated strontium carbonate in 
lactic acid, evaporating and granulating. 

Permanent in the air. Soluble in water and alcohol. 

It is diuretic. Dose : 10 to 30 grains (0.65 to 1.95 gm.). 
Sulphur Compounds. 

SULPHUR SUBLIMATUM (Sublimed Sulphur) (S.) Flowers of 
Sulphur, Brimstone. 

It exists native and also in combination with other metals, usually 
iron as iron pyrites, and is obtained by separating by means of heat and 
subliming. 

It often contains traces of arsenic and sulphuric acid. The arsenic 
may be detected by washing the sulphur with ammonia water, acidulat- 
ing with hydrochloric acid and precipitating with hydrogen sulphide. 

Permanent in the air. Insoluble in water, but soluble in alkaline solu- 
tion, petrolatum, rectified coal naptha, fixed oils, oil of turpentine and 
other volatile oils, alcohol, ether, chloroform, and carbon disulphide. 

It is laxative and diaphoretic. Dose: 1 to 3 drachms (3.9 to 11.65 
gm.). Used in making washed and precipitated sulphur. Roll Sulphur 
is crude sulphur that has been melted, poured into moulds and cooled. 

SULPHUR LOTUM (Washed Sulphur). 

Prepared by washing sulphur with ammonia water and water to re- 
move any sulphuric acid and arsenic that may be present. 

Official in the ointment and compound licorice powder. 

Dose : £ drachm to £ ounce (2. to 15.5 gm.). 

UNGUENTUM SUPHURIS (Ointment of Sulphur). 

Prepared by rubbing 300 grams of washed sulphur with 700 grams of 
benzoinated lard. It is a specific for the itch. 

SULPHUR PRECIPITATUM (Precipitated Sulphur) Milk of Sul- 
phur. 

Prepared by boiling sulphur with lime (forming sulphide of lime) 
then precipitating with hydrochloric acid, previously diluted with water. 

It should be kept in well-stoppered bottles. 

It differs from the sublimed sulphur in being in a finer state of sub- 
division, and in presenting, after fusion, a softer and less brittle mass. 

Its medical properties are the same as those of sublimed sulphur. 



79 

SULPHURIS IODIDUM (Sulphur Iodide). 

Prepared by fusing together washed sulphur and iodine (20 grains of 
sulphur and 80 grains of iodine). It should be kept in well-stoppered 
bottles, in a cool place. 

Insoluble in water, but soluble in carbon disulphide and alcohol ; 
ether'dissolves out the iodine, leaving the sulphur. On exposure to the 
air it gradually loses iodine. Used as an external remedy in skin 
diseases. 

Zinc Compounds. 

ZINCUM (Zinc) Zn. is a metallic element in the form of thin sheets, 
also in irregular granulated pieces or moulded into thin pencils, or in a 
state of fine powder. 

Obtained native as a sulphide called Blende, and as a carbonate and 
silicate, called Calamine. 

LIQUOR ZINCI CHLORIDI (Solution of Zinc Chloride). Con- 
tains about 50^ by weight of the salt. 

Prepared by dissolving zinc in hydrochloric acid and water, adding 
nitric acid, evaporating to dryness dissolving in water, adding precip- 
itated zinc carbonate, setting aside to separate the precipitate, and de- 
canting the clear liquid. It is a disinfectant. 

Burnett's Disinfecting Fluid is an aqueous solution of zinc chloride 
containing 200 grains in each Imperial fluid ounce. 

ZINCI ACETAS (Zinc Acetate) Zn (C 2 H 3 2 ) 2) 2HA 

Prepared by digesting zinc oxide in acetic acid and water, filtering, 
evaporating and crystallizing. It should be kept in well-stoppered 
bottles. 

Exposed to the air it gradually loses some of its acid and effloresces. 
Soluble in water and alcohol. It is decomposed by- the mineral acids, 
with the escape of acetous vapors. 

It is astringent and is used locally. 

ZINCI BROMIDUM (Zinc Bromide) ZnBr 2 . 

Prepared by the direct combination of zinc with bromine, or by dis- 
solving zinc in solution of hydrobromic acid and should be kept in small, 
glass stoppered bottles. Deliquescent on exposure to the air. Soluble 
in water and alcohol. 

Used in epilepsy. Dose : 1 to 2 grains (0.065 to °- I 3 g m -^- 

ZINCI CARBONAS PRECIPITATUS (Precipitated Zinc Carbon- 
ate: (ZnC0 8 >Zn(OH)2. 

Prepared by boiling together a solution of sodium carbonate and one 
of zinc sulphate, collecting the precipitate, draining and drying. 

Permanent in the air. Insoluble in water or alcohol, but soluble in 
dilute acids and ammonia water. 

Used externally. 



80 

ZINC! CHLORIDin; (Zinc Chloride) ZnCl,. 

Prepared by dissolving zinc in hydrochloric acid and water, boiling 
and making up the loss by evaporation with water, cooling with frequent 
stirring, adding a solution of chlorine (which combines with any iron 
present to form ferric chloride) adding zinc carbonate (the zinc com- 
bines with the chlorine to increase the product of zinc chloride, ferric 
oxide is precipitated, and carbonic acid is set free), filtering and evapo- 
rating. It should be kept in small, glass-stoppered bottles. 

Very deliquescent on exposure to the air. Soluble in water and 
alcohol. It sometimes contains some oxychloride which remains undis- 
solved in water. The commercial chloride sometimes contains as high 
as \2 c j c of zinc arsenate as an impurity. 

Internally it is alterative and antispasmodic, but is little used, except 
as a disinfectant. Antidotes : Alkalies and their carbonates or soap. 

ZINCI IODIDUM (Zinc Iodide) ZnT. 

Prepared by digesting zinc and iodine in the presence of water, or by 
saturating hydriodic acid with the oxide or carbonate of zinc. 

Very deliquescent and is liable to absorb oxygen from the air, and to 
become brown from the liberated iodine. 

It is alterative. Dose : \ to 2 grains (0.03 to 0.13 gm.). 

ZIXCI OXIDUM (Zinc Oxide) ZnO. 

Prepared by calcining carbonate of zinc until a portion ceases to 
effervesce when added to acids and should be kept in well-stoppered 
bottles. 

The commercial oxide is very impure, usually containing the carbonate, 
subsulphate and often oxychloride. 

When exposed to the air it gradually absorbs carbon dioxide. 

Insoluble in water or alcohol, but soluble in dilute acids or ammonia 
water. 

It is antispasmodic and astringent, but is employed principally as an 
application to excoriated surfaces in the form of an ointment. 

Official in the ointment and oleate. Dose: 2 to 8 grains (0.13 to 
0.52 gm.). 

UXGUEXTUM ZIXCI OXIDI (Ointment of Zinc Oxide) Zinc Oint- 
ment. 

Contains 20% of zinc oxide mixed with benzoinated lard. 

Used as an astringent application. 

OLEATUM ZIXCI (Oleate of Zinc). 

Prepared by dissolving 5% of zinc oxide in oleic acid. Used exter- 
nally and was introduced for the first time into the U. S. P., 1S90. 



81 



LECTURE NO. 11. 



ZINCI PHOSPHIDUM (.Zinc Phosphide) Zn s P,. 

Obtained by passing vapors of phosphorus in a current of hydrogen 
over fused zinc. 

It should be kept away from the air, in small glass-stoppered vials, to 
prevent the oxidation of the phosphorus. In contact with air it slowly 
emits phosphorus vapors. It should not be combined with vegetable 
extracts, since the presence of any vegetable acid will cause decomposi- 
tion. Insoluble in water or alcohol, but soluble in dilute hydrochloric 
or sulphuric acids. 

It acts about the same as phosphorus therapeutically. Dose : 2V of a 
grain (0.003 §' m -^ 

ZINCI SULPHAS (Zinc Sulphate) ZnSO^H.O, White Vitriol. 

Prepared by the action of dilute sulphuric acid on metallic zinc, hy- 
drogen gas being evolved. 

Efflorescent in dry air. Soluble in water and glycerin, but insoluble 
in alcohol. 

Incompatible with alkalies and alkaline carbonates, sulphides, lime 
water, soluble lead salts, and astringent infusions. Antidotes . Bland 
drinks, opium, etc. 

It is tonic, astringent and emetic. Dose : J to h grain (0.018 to 
0.037 & m -)> an d as an emetic : 10 to 30 grains (0.65 to 1.95 gm.). 

ZINCI VALERIANAS (Zinc Valerianate) Zn(C 5 H 9 2 ) 2 , 2H 2 0. 

Prepared by interaction between hot solutions of zinc sulphate and 
sodium valerianate. 

On exposure to air it slowly loses valerianic acid. Soluble in 100 
parts of water and 40 of alcohol. 

It is antispasmodic. Dose : 1 to 2 grains (0.05 to 0.13 gm.). 

Volumetric Analysis. 

It should be the duty of every pharmacist to test his preparations to 
ascertain whether they are of the required strength or not, and the 
simpiest way in which this can be done is by Volumetric Analysis. 

An illustration is necessary, to explain the general principles of 
chemical action, upon which are based the methods of this form of 
analysis. 

The reactions which take place between elements or compounds are 
expressed by means of equations, thus : NaOH+HCl=NaCl+H 2 0. 

This equation shows the reaction that takes place between sodium 
hydrate and hydrochloric acid, forming sodium chloride and water, and 
also the exact proportions by weight, in which the alkali and acid unite, 
and the quantities of the resulting products by weight, thus : 



82 

The molecular weight of bodies is found by adding together the 
atomic weights of the elements entering into the molecule, thus : 



The atomic weight of Na is 


2 3 


" () is 


16 


" " H is 


i 



40 the molecular weight of sodium 
hydrate. 

The atomic weight of H is 1. 
" CI is 35.4 

36.4 the molecular weight of hydro- 
chloric acid. 

The atomic weight of Na is 23. 
" CI is 35.4 

58.4 the molecular weight of sodium 
chloride. 

The atomic weight of H is 1.X2 equals 2. 
" O is 16. 

18. the molecular weight 
of water. 

It may be seen that 40 parts of sodium hydrate will be decomposed 
by 36.4 parts of hydrochloric acid, producing 58.4 parts of sodium chlo- 
ride and 18 parts of water (the parts are by weight). 

Matter is not destroyed, hence the sum of the weights on each side 
of the equation must be the same, thus : 

NaOH+HCl=NaCl+HoO 

40 36.4 58.4 iS 

40+36.4=76.4 58.4+18=76.4 

Sodium hydrate and hydrochloric acid will only unite in the above 
proportion, and if different quantities of the substances from those 
given be used, reaction will take place in that proportion, and the excess 
of either will remain uncombined. 

Volumetric Analysis consists in noting the amount of a solution of 
known strength which is to be added to the substance in solution to 
produce a certain reaction, and upon the quantity required is based the 
calculation for the weight of the substance being analyzed. 

When a sufficient quantity of the solution has been added, is ascer- 
tained by known changes, which in some cases may be seen by the eye, 
and in others when it is not visible to the eye, a substance is added. 



83 

called an INDICATOR, which shows the end of the reaction by a 
change of color. 

The following changes show that the end of the reaction has taken 
place : 

i -When a precipitate is produced, as in the estimation of cyanogen 
by silver nitrate. 

2-YVhen a precipitate ceases to be formed, upon addition of more 
volumetric solution, as in the estimation of the chlorides by silver ni- 
trate. 

3— A change in color of the solution in which indicators are used, as 
in the estimation of acids and alkalies. 

The principal indicators are : 

Brazil wood, which turns purplish red with alkalies, and yellow with 
acids. 

Cochineal, which turns violet with alkalies, and yellowish red with 
acids. 

Litmus : Blue litmus turns red with acids and red litmus turns blue 
with alkalies. 

Methyl Orange, which turns yellow with alkalies, hydrates, carbon- 
ates, bicarbonates. Carbonic acid does not affect it, but sulphuric hy- 
drochloric and other acids change its color to crimson. It is not suited 
for use with organic acids. 

Phenolphtalein, which turns deep purplish red with alkali hydrates 
and carbonates. Bicarbonates and most other salts do not produce 
such color. Acids render the reddened solution colorless. It should 
not be used as an indicator for ammonia or bicarbonates. 

Rosolic Acid, which turns violet red with alkalies, and yellow with 
acid'*. 

Tumeric, which turns brown with alkalies, and the yellow color is re- 
stored by acids. Boric acid, even in the presence of hydrochloric acid 
turns the color to reddish brown, which is changed to bluish black by 
ammonia. 

Volumetric Solutions may be prepared with but little difficulty by the 
pharmacist. 

A NORMAL VOLUMETRIC SOLUTION, designated * is one that 
contains in one liter, the molecular weight of the reagent expressed in 
grams, and reduced to the valency corresponding to one atom of hydro- 
gen or its equivalent. 

Ex. Hydrochloric acid, molecular weight 36.4, having but one atom 
of basic hydrogen, has 36.4 grams of hydrochloric acid in one liter of 
the normal volumetric solution. 

Sulphuric acid ( H 2 S0 4 ), molecular weight 97. 82, having two atoms of 
replaceable hydrogen, contains one-half, or 48.91 grams of sulphuric 
acid in one liter of normal volumetric solution. 



84 

A DECINORMAL VOLUMETRIC SOLUTION, designated & con- 
tains one-tenth of the quantity of the reagent used in a normal solution. 

A CENTINORMAL VOLUMETRIC SOLUTION, designated r fa 
contains one one-hundredth the amount. 

A SEMINORMAL VOLUMETRIC SOLUTION, designated g con- 
tains one-half the amount. 

A DOUBLE NORMAL VOLUMETRIC SOLUTION, designated I 
contains twice the amount. 

The NORMAL FACTOR is the amount by which the number of 
cubic centimeters of normal solution used is to be multiplied to obtain 
the quantity of pure substance in the sample examined. 

Ex. As before stated the molecular weight of sodium hydrate is 40, 
and 40 parts require 36.4 parts by weight of hydrochloric acid to 
decompose it. Sodium being a univalent element, each liter of the 
normal volumetric solution contains 40 grams of sodium hydrate. 

If 1 liter (1000 C c.) contains 40 grams, 1 C.c. will contain .04 gm. 

If 40 grams of sodium hydrate require 36.4 grams of hydrochloric 
acid to decompose it, .04 gm. would require .0364 of hydrochloric acid, 
therefore the normal factor of sodium hydrate is .04 and hydrochloric 
acid .0364. 

The method of performing Volumetric Analysis is as follows, using 
the estimation of hydrochloric acid as an example : 

Place in a beaker 2 gms. of hydrochloric acid, and add about 5 C.c. of 
water and a few drops of phenolphtalein solution, as indicator. 

Place the beaker beneath the burette, and run in from the burette the 
normal sodium hydrate solution, little by little, until the pink tint pro- 
duced is permanent ; this indicates the end of the reaction. 

If 17.5 C.c. of the sodium hydrate solution are required, we multiply 
17.5 by the normal factor of hydrochloric acid .0364 ; 17. 5-]-. 0364=. 637 
gm. therefore 2 gms. of hydrochloric acid contain .637 gm. of absolute 
acid, or 31.9%. 

A detailed account of making the different volumetric solutions, indi- 
cators and the normal factors, etc., may be found in the U. S. Dispen- 
satory, commencing on page 1776. 

Before commencing Organic Pharmacy, I wish to have the manner of 
uniting elements to form compounds, and of balancing equations, thor- 
oughly understood. 

To do this, it is necessary to learn the LAWS REGULATING 
CHEMICAL COMBINATION (by volume or weight). 

1 st Law : A definite compound always contains the same elements 
and the same proportion of those elements (by weight or volume). 

Ex. Hydrochloric acid contains 1 part of hydrogen and 1 part of 



85 

chlorine by volume : The atomic weight of hydrogen is i, and that of 
chlorine is 35.4, the molecule of hydrochloric acid would therefore con- 
tain 1 part of hydrogen and 35.4 of chlorine by weight. If hydrogen 
and chlorine were brought together in any other proportion, they would 
unite in the above proportion, and the excess of either element would 
remain uncombined. 

2nd Law : Where two elements unite in more than one proportion 
they do so in simple multiples of that proportion. 

This is why some elements have more than one valence. 

Ex. The compounds of nitrogen and oxygen, thus : 
Nitrogen Monoxide N 2 0. 
Nitrogen Dioxide N. 2 CX. 
Nitrogen Trioxide N 2 8 . 
Nitrogen Tetroxide N 2 4 . 
Nitrogen Pentoxide N 2 5 . 

Nitrogen unites with oxygen in these five proportions. 

(i)-2 volumes of nitrogen (28 parts by weight) and 1 volume of oxy- 
gen (16 parts by weight). 

(2)-2 volumes of nitrogen (28 parts by weight) and 2 volumes of oxy- 
gen (32 parts by weight). 

(3)-2 volumes of nitrogen (28 parts by weight) and 3 volumes of oxy- 
gen (48 parts by weight). 

141-2 volumes of nitrogen (28 parts by weight) and 4 volumes of oxy- 
gen (64 parts by weight). 

1 5 1-2 volumes of nitrogen (28 parts by weight) and 5 volumes of oxy- 
gen (80 parts by weight). 

The first, third and fifth show the oxygen valence of nitrogen (N'\ N ni , 
N v . I and unite with water to form the corresponding acids : while the sec- 
ond and fourth are mixed oxides and do not form acids with water. 

It may be seen from these compounds that the second and the others 
have exactly 2, 3, 4, and 5 times as much oxygen as the first, the quan- 
tity of nitrogen remaining the same. 

3rd Law : The proportions in which two elements unite with a third 
are the proportions in which they unite with each other. 

Ex. The atomic weight of oxygen is 16 and that of carbon 12. Car- 
bon in proportions of 12 unites with hydrogen, and oxygen in proportions 
of 16 unites with hydrogen, therefore 12 and 16 or a multiple of 16 are 
the proportions in which carbon and oxygen will unite with each other. 
Carbon Monoxide COi (",/),,). 
Carbon Dioxide CO./C 



8G 

To be able to balance equations, the valence of the principal elements 
should be committed to memory as follows : 







ATOMIC 








ATOMIC 






WEIGHT. 








WEIGHT. 


Aluminum 


i.\l,i vi 


27.04 


Lead 


piyi.iv 




2 06.40 


Ammonium 


nh; 


iS.OI 


Lithium 


Li ! 




7.0I 


Antimony 


Sb Ui - v 


I I9.60 


Magnesium 


Mg ]i 




24.3O 


Arsenic 


As Ui - v 


74.90 


Manganese 


Mn^ T 


1 (Mn,) vi 


54.80 


Barium 


Ba iUv 


I36.9O 


Mercury 


Hg i! (H 


g 2 ) U 


I99.8O 


Bismuth 


Bi iii, v 


208.9O 


Nitrogen 


N i,iii,v 




I4.0[ 


Bromine 


Br 1 - m ' v ' v,i 


79.76 


Oxygen 


o !i 




I5.96 


Calcium 


Ca"' iv 


39-9 1 


Phosphorus 


i P' ,H < v 




3O.96 


Carbon 


C iv 


11.97 


Potassium 


K' 1 




39-°3 


Chlorine 


C1 i,iii,v,vii 


35-37 


Silver 


Ag l 




107.66 


Copper 


Cu n (Cu,) u 


63.80 


Sodium 


Na 1 




23.00 


Gold 


Au i,ui 


196.70 


Strontium 


g r ii, iv 




87.30 


Hydrogen 


w 


1. 


Sulphur 


giUv.vi 




31.98 


Iodine 


ri.iii.v, Y ii 


126.53 


Zinc 


Zn ri 




65.10 


Iron 


Fe iL (Fe,) vi 


55-88 











Under chemical terms the definitions were given for Monads, Diads 
and Triads, but for convenience I will repeat them here. 

Elements having one bond are termed MONADS, and are called 
Univalent : those having two bonds, DIADS (Bivalent) : those having 
three bonds TRIADS (Trivalent) : those having four bonds, TETRADS 
(Tetrivalent) : those having five bonds, PENTADS (Pentivalent): those 
having six bonds, HEXADS (Hexivalent). 

The elements with which we come in contact in pharmacy are mostly 
monads, diads and triads. 

One monad will unite with, or replace one Monad ; two monads will 
unite with, or replace a Diad ; three monads will unite with, or replace 
a Triad, and so on. If we wish to unite a diad with a triad we would 
use two of the triad and three of the diad, thus : A diad having two 
bonds multiplied by three would have the same value as a triad having 
three bonds multiplied by two. 

Elements having an even number of bonds, as Diads, Tetrads and 
Hexads, are called ARTIADS. Those having- an uneven number of 
bonds, as Monads, Triads and Pentads, are called PERISSADS. 

The acid radicals have the same valence as the number of atoms of 
basic hydrogen they contain. Ex., HC1 : here we have one atom of 
basic hydrogen, therefore CI is a monad radical : H 2 S0 4 , we have two 
atoms of basic hydrogen, therefore S0 4 is a diad radical : H 3 P0 4 , we 
have three atoms of basic hydrogen, therefore P0 4 is a triad radical. 



By committing to memory the valences of the elements and the 
formulas for the acids, the formulas of the various pharmacopceial salts 
may be easily made. To form Ferrous Sulphate : Iron (Fe) in the 
ferrous compounds is a diad. The sulphuric acid radical (S0 4 ) is also 
a diad, then i atom of Fe will unite with one molecule of SO,, thus : 
FeSO,. 

Ferric Sulphate : Iron in the ferric compounds is a triad, but 2 atoms 
of iron (2 triads) replace 6 atoms of hydrogen. As the SO, radical is a 
diad it would require 3 molecules of it (3 diads) to unite with the 2 
atoms of iron, thus : Fe._.(S( V\. 

Ferrous Chloride : Iron being a diad and chlorine a monad, there will 
be required 2 atoms of CI to unite with 1 atom of Fe, thus : FeCL. 

Ferric Chloride : If 2 atoms of iron replace 6 atoms of hydrogen in 
the ferric compounds, there would be required 6 atoms of CI (6 monads) 
to unite with the 2 atoms of Fe. Thus: Fe 2 Cl 6 . 

In balancing equations it is necessary to know what bodies are formed 
by the resulting chemical action, then apply the valences thus : Write 
the symbols or formulas for the elements or compounds to be used with 
a plus sign between and followed to the right by an equals sign ; then 
to the right of the equals sign, write the bodies produced by the chemical 
change. 

Ex. To make Zinc Sulphate from zinc and sulphuric acid. 

Zn + H,S0 4 = X. 

Zn is a diad, S0 4 is a diad, then the Zn will unite with the S0 4 thus : 
Zn + H,S0 4 = ZnS0 4 + X. 

The hydrogen of the acid is set free, thus : 

Zn + H 2 S0 4 = ZnS0 4 + 2H. 

The number of bonds to the left of the equals sign must be the same 
as those to the right. 

To make Mercuric Iodide, from mercuric chloride and potassium 
iodide. 

HgCb + KI = X. 

Hg in the mercuric compounds is a diad and I is a monad, then we 
must use 2 of I to unite wtth 1 of mercury. If we increase the amount 
of an element in a compound we must increase all the elements in the 
compound in the same proportion, according to our first law of chemical 
combination hence, we must use 2 molecules of Ki. thus : 
HgCl,-r-2KI= X. 

If Hg is a diad and 2 1 (2 monads) has the value of a diad, the 1 
atom of Hg will unit--; with the 2 atoms of I thus : 

HgCL+2KI= Hgl 2 +X. 

We have left, 2 monads (2CI) and 2 monads (2K) which will unite with 
each other thus : 

HgCI 4 +2KI=HgI 2 H-2KCl. 



To make Potassium Acetate from potassium carbonate and acetic acid. 

K 2 C0 8 + HC 2 H s 2 =X. 

In potassium carbonate we have 2 monads (2K) and in acetic acid we 
have 1 monad radical, therefore we must have 2 molecules of monad 
radical to unite with the 2 atoms of potassium (K) thus : 

K,(X),+ 2HC>H,0, = X. 

The two atoms of K will unite with the 2 molecules of C 2 H, ; 2 thus : 

K,CO,+ 2HC,H,0 2 =2KQH,0 2 + X. 

\Yhen carbonates are acted on by an acid, carbonic acid gas (C0 2 ) is 
given off. In this reaction the carbonic acid radical splits up into car- 
bon dioxide and oxygen, thus : 

K 2 CO, + 2HC 2 H 3 2 = 2KC 2 H 3 2 + C0 2 + X. 

The oxygen being a diad unites with the two atoms of H (2 monads) 
from the acetic acid, thus : 

K,CO,, + 2HC 2 H,0 2 = 2KC 2 H,0_> + C0 2 + H 2 0. 

By continuous practice in writing and balancing equations you will 
find it of great value in many operations performed by the pharmacist. 

Organic Pharmacy. 
Acids. 

ACIDUM ACETICUM (Acetic Acid) HC 2 H 3 2 . 

An organic acid containing 36% by weight of absolute acid and 64% 
by weight of water. 

Obtained by the destructive distillation of wood, preferably oak ; also 
by the oxidation of alcohol (called the quick vinegar process) which con- 
sists in allowing a weak alcoholic liquid to drip slowly over clean wood 
shaving in a cask, with a free access of air. The alcohol is first changed 
to aldehyde, which is then oxidized to acetic acid. 

Wood when charred yields many volatile products, among which are 
an acid layer or liquor, an empyreumatic oil, and tar containing creosote 
and other proximate principles. The acid portion of the distillate is 
called PYROLIGNEOUS ACID or impure acetic acid from which the 
acetic acid is obtained. 

It mixes with alcohol and water in all proportions. It is refrigerant 
and astringent, but is rarely used internally. 

ACIDUM ACETICUM DILUTUM (Diluted Acetic Acid). 

Contains 6% by weight of absolute acid, and is prepared by mixing 
together 1 part by weight of acetic acid and 5 parts by weight of water. 

It is used as a substitute for vinegar because distilled vinegar con- 
tains a little organic matter, which is always darkened or precipitated 
when its acid is saturated with an alkali while dilute acetic acid does 
not produce this change. 



89 



LECTURE NO. 12. 



ACIDUM ACETICUM GLACIALE (Glaciale Acetic Acid), Radi- 
cal Vinegar. 

Contains nearly 99', by weight of absolute acid. 

Prepared by heating sodium acetate to drive oft" the water, and distill- 
ing with sulphuric acid. It should be kept in well-stoppered bottles. 

It is a valuable solvent for the active constituent of drugs containing 
volatile oils, fixed oils, and dissolves camphor, gum-resins, etc. 
Used externally as a rubifacient, vesicant and caustic. 
ACIDUM BENZOICUM (Benzoic Acid) HC 7 H 5 2 . 
An organic acid obtained from benzoin by sublimation or artificially 
from toluol (a coal tar product). The acid obtained by the sublimation 
of benzoin is usually characterized by a fragrant odor : that obtained 
from toluol usually contains chlorine. It should be kept in dark amber, 
well-stoppered bottles, in a cool place. 

It is somewhat volatile at a moderately warm temperature, and is 
rendered darker by exposure to the light. Sparingly soluble in water, 
but soluble in alcohol, ether and chloroform. Its solubility is increased 
in water by the addition of borax or sodium phosphate. The acid ob- 
tained from benzoin has a lower melting point and a greater solubility 
in water. 

There is a German Benzoic Acid which is prepared from the urine of 
horses and cattle. 

It is expectorant. Dose : 10 to 30 grains (0.65 to 1.9 gm.). 
ACIDUM CARBOLICUM (Carbolic Acid)C 6 H 5 OH, Phenol, Phenylic 
Acid, Phenic Acid, Phenylic Alcohol. 

Obtained by the purification of crude carbolic acid and should be kept 
in dark amber colored, well stoppered bottles. 

It is a^ solid at ordinary temperature, and is often colored pinkish or 
brown upon' exposure to light and air. which W. von Hanko (Pharm. 
Post, xxviii p. 325) claims is due to the presence of certain ammonium 
compounds, atmospheric dust, the metal of containers and bv direct sun- 
light. A slight discoloration does not interfere with any of its medicinal 
uses. 

It deliquesces on exposure to the air and becomes liquid. It is inflam- 
mable and burns with a reddish flame. Soluble in alcohol and water, 
and the presence of the smallest proportion of water causes it to liquify. 
It is customary to add \o°/ c of water or glycerin to the acid for dispens- 
ing, being in a more convenient form when liquid. 

It is distinguished from creasote by coagulating albumen while crea- 
sote does not. Official in the ointment and oleate. 

Antidotes: Sulphate of sodium which forms the harmless sulphocar- 
bolate, and evacuation of the stomach. 
12 



90 

It is irritant, anaesthetic and disinfectant. Dose : i to 3 grains (0.065 
to 0.19 gm.). 

UNGUENTUM ACID] CARBOLICI (Ointment of Carbolic Acid). 
Contains 5% of carbolic acid mixed with simple ointment. The 
strength was io< /( in the U. S. P. 1880. 

GLYCERITUM ACIDI CARBOLICI (Glycerite of Carbolic Acid). 
A solution of 20^, carbolic acid in glycerin. Dose : 5 to 10 minims 
(0.3 to 0.6 C.c). 

ACIDUM CARBOLICUM CRUDUM (Crude Carbolic Acid). 
Consists of various constituents of coal tar, principally phenol and 
cresol. 

Obtained by the fractional distillation of dead oil of coal tar, and dis- 
tils over between i65°C (329^) and i9o°C (374°F). 
It is used principally as a disinfectant. 
ACIDUM CITRICUM (Citric Acid) H,C (l H,O r , H,0. 
An organic acid prepared from lemon juice by boiling, neutralizing 
with calcium carbonate, forming calcium citrate, adding sulphuric acid, 
forming calcium sulphate which is precipitated, concentrating the solu- 
tion and crystallizing. Efflorescent in warm air and deliquescent in 
moist air. Soluble in water and alcohol, but nearly insoluble in chloro- 
form, benzol and benzin. 

Incompatible with alkaline solutions, whether pure or carbonated, (con- 
verting them into citrates), with earthly and metallic carbonates, most 
acetates, alkaline sulphides and soap. 

Official in the syrup, solution of magnesium citrate, and solution of 
potassium citrate. 

Used in cases of scurvy and as a substitute for lemons in lemonade. 
Dose : 5 to 30 grains (0.32 to 1.94 gm). 

SYRUPUS ACIDI CITRICI (Syrup of Citric Acid). 
Contains citric acid, water, spirit of lemon and syrup. 
Used as a refrigerant addition to drinks, especially carbonic acid 
water. If kept long it is apt to acquire a musty taste and to deposit 
grape sugar, from the action of the acid on cane sugar. 

ACIDUM GALLICUM (Gallic Acid) HC 7 H,-A,H,0. Trioxybenzoic 
Acid. 

An organic acid obtained from tannic acid, and also by boiling pow- 
dered galls with dilute sulphuric acid, straining, cooling, and purifying the 
crystals obtained by using animal charcoal and repeated crystalliza- 
tion. 

Slightly soluble in water, but soluble in alcohol. When heated it is 
changed into pyrogallic acid and carbon dioxide. It is distinguished 
from tannic acid in not being precipitated by solutions of gelatin, albu- 
men, etc. 



91 

It forms a bluish black precipitate with ferric salts, but does not color 
or form precipitates with ferrous salts when pure. 
It is astringent. 

Dose: 5 to 15 grains (0.32 to 0.97 gm.). 

ACIDUM LACTICUM (Lactic Acid) HC,H,0,. Oxypropionic Acid. 
Ethidene-lactic Acid. 

An organic acid obtained by the lactic fermentation of grape sugar or 
milk sugar, by means of micro-organisms (lactic bacteria) present in stale 
cheese and containing 75 ''} by weight of absolute acid and 25 ( ,' ( by weight 
of water. 

Unites in all proportions with alcohol and water. Official in syrup of 
calcium lactophosphate. Used principally in dyspepsia. Dose: J to 4 
fluid drachms (1.85 to 14.78 C.c). 

ACIDUM OLEICUM (Oleic Acid) HC ls H ; , ; 0,. 

An organic acid obtained by passing superheated steam through fats 
and separating from the solid fats by pressure, or by the saponification 
of olein. 

It becomes darker and absorbs oxygen when exposed to the air. It 
is a yellowish or brownish, oily liquid, having a peculiar lard-like odor 
and taste. Insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol, chloroform, ben- 
zol, oil of turpentine, volatile and fixed oils. Used in preparing the 
oleates. 

ACIDUM SALICYLICUM (Salicylic Acid) HC 7 H 5 Sj Ortho-oxy- 
benzoic Acid. 

An organic acid obtained synthetically from carbolic acid, and exist- 
ing naturally in the oils of wintergreen and birch. 

The salts of this acid are incompatible with acids, salts of the metals 
and many alkaloids (in aqueous solution). Permanent in the air. Slightly 
soluble in water, but soluble in alcohol. 

Its solubility is increased without affecting its antiseptic value in the 
presence of potassium nitrate, ammonium citrate, sodium sulphite, so- 
dium phosphate ; with ferric salts it produces a beautiful violet color. 

Used in making artificial oil of wintergreen and salol. 

It is antirheumatic, antipyretic, and antiseptic. 

METHYL SALICYLAS Methyl Salicylate) CH,C r H,0,, Artificial 
( )il of Wintergreen. 

Prepared by distilling together a mixture of methyl alcohol, sulphuric 
acid and salicylic acid, and should be kept in well-stoppered bottles, 
away from the light. 

It is practically identical with the oils of wintergreen and birch. Sol- 
uble in all proportions in alcohol, ether, glaciate acetic acid and carbon 
disulphide. 

Incompatible with alkalies. I sed as an antirheumatic. 



92 

SALOL (Salol) C G H 5 C 7 H 5 8 , Phenyl Salicylate. 

Prepared by heating together carbolic acid and salicylic acid in the 
presence of a dehydrating agent as phosphorus oxychloride whereby the 
elements of water are withdrawn and the phenyl group unites with the 
salicylic acid radical. 

Permanent in the air. Insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol, 
ether, chloroform, fixed and volatile oils. When taken internally it is 
split up by the action of the pancreatic juice into 36% of carbolic acid 
and 64^ of salicylic acid. 

Used as an internal antiseptic. Dose: 15 to 30 grains (0.97 to 2. gm.). 

ACIDUM STEARICUM (Stearic Acid) HcJh,;,,(\, 

An organic acid found associated with oleic and palmitic acids in tal- 
low and solid fats principally. 

It is separated by distillation with superheated steam. Permanent in 
the air. Insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol and ether. 

It was made official in the U. S. P., 1890, solely for its use in making 
glycerin suppositories. 

ACIDUM TANNICUM (Tannic Acid) HC I4 H 9 9 . Digallic Acid, 
Gallotannic Acid. 

An organic acid obtained from nutgall by extraction with ether and 
evaporating on glass plates. 

It gradually turns darker when exposed to the air and light. Soluble 
in water, alcohol and glycerin. Distinguished from gallic acid by pre- 
cipitating solutions of gelatin, albumen, etc. 

Incompatible with salts of the metals, alkaloidal solutions, potassium 
chlorate, solution of starch, albumen, gluten and gelatin. It enters into 
the ointment, troche, glycerite and styptic collodion. 

It is powerfully astringent. When taken internally it is probably con- 
verted into gallic acid before absorption. 

Dose: 3 to 10 grains (0.2 to 0.67 gm.). 

The term TANNIN is applied to a class of vegetable principles the 
aqueous solutions of which give blue or green colors or precipitates, with 
ferric salts, and precipitate solutions of albumen and gelatin. 

UNGUETUM ACIDI TANNIC! (Ointment of Tannic Acid). 

Contains 20% of tannic acid and 80% of benzoinated lard. • 

It is twice the strength of the U. S. P. 1880 ointment. 

TROCHISCI ACIDI TANNICI (Troches of Tannic Acid). 

Contain tannic acid, tragacanth, sugar and stronger orange flower 
water. Each troche contains about J grain of tannic acid. 

C.LYCERITUM ACIDI TANNICI (Glycerite of Tannic Acid). 

Contains 20% of tannic acid dissolved in glycerin. Used both exter- 
nally and internally as an astringent. 

Dose : 10 to 40 minims (0.6 to 2.5 C.C.). 



93 

ACIDUM TARTARICUM (Tartaric Acid) H 2 C 4 H 4 O e . 

An organic acid obtained from ARGOLS (an impure potassium bitar- 
trate which gathers on the inside of wine casks during fermentation) by 
boiling with water, adding calcium carbonate, which forms calcium 
tartrate and neutral potassium tartrate remains in solution, which is de- 
composed by the addition of calcium chloride, and the calcium tartrate 
decomposed by the addition of sulphuric acid with the formation of tar- 
taric acid in solution and the precipitation of calcium sulphate. 

It may contain as impurities, sulphuric acid, lime, lead and copper. 
Permanent in the air. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether, and nearly 
insoluble in chloroform, benzol or benzin. 

Distinguished from all other acids by forming a crystalline precipitate 
of potassium bitartrate, when added to a neutral solution of potassium. 
Official in compound effervescing powder. 

Used principally in the preparation of effervescing draughts, and often 
used as a substitute for citric acid in making lemonade. Dose : 5 to 30 
grains 1,0.32 to 1.94 gin A 

Products of Fermentation, 
PEPSINUM (Pepsin). 

A proteolytic ferment (one having the power of digesting proteid mat- 
ter) or enzyme (an unorganized ferment) obtained from the glandular 
layer of fresh stomachs of healthy pigs, and capable of digesting not less 
than 3000 times its own weight of freshly coagulated and disintegrated 
egg albumen. 

It slowly attracts moisture when exposed to the air. Slightly soluble 
in water: more so in water acidulated with hydrochloric acid. Insoluble 
in alcohol, ether or chloroform. 

It is used to supply the place of the natural digestive ferment. Offi- 
cial in saccharated pepsin. 

Dose : 10 to 15 grains (0.65 to 0.97 gm.). 

PEPSINUM SACCHARATUM (Saccharated Pepsin). 

Prepared by mixing 10 grams of pepsin with 90 grams of sugar of 
milk, and should digest not less than 300 times its weight of freshly 
coagulated and disintegrated egg albumen. 

Pepsin acts on albuminoids in the stomach, forming substances called 
peptone. 

PANCREATINUM 1 Pancreatin). 

A mixture of enzymes naturally existing in the pancreas of warm- 
blooded animals, usually obtained from the fresh pancreas of the hog. 

It digests albuminoids in the stomach and converts starch into sugar. 
Soluble in water and insoluble in alcohol, 

Pancreatin acts in alkaline solution and pepsin in an acid solution. 
Used as a digestant. 



94 

ALCOHOL (Alcohol) C,H,OH, Spirit of Wine, Rectified Spirit. 

A liquid containing 91% by weight and 94% by volume of ethyl alco- 
hol and about 9% by weight of water, obtained by the fermentation of 
saccharine fluids and subsequent distillation. Also obtained by the dis- 
tillation of whiskey. 

When an infusion of grain is acted on by a ferment, the starch in the 
grain splits up into dextrine, maltose* and dextrose ; the dextrin and 
maltose then are gradually converted into dextrose (grape sugar) which 
is then converted into alcohol and carbonic acid gas. 

Its specific gravity is .820 at i5°C (59°F). It should be free from 
foreign odor, which, when present, is due to fusel oil. It is inflammable 
and burns with a blue flame, without odor or smoke. It mixes in all 
proportions with water, and when they are mixed in equal volume there 
is a shrinkage of about $ f j . It dissolves phosphorus and sulphur in 
small quantity, iodine, ammonia, potassium hydrate, sodium hydrate, 
lithium hydrate (but not the carbonates of these metals), organic vege- 
table alkalies, urea, tannic acid, tartaric acid, camphor, resins, balsams, 
volatile oils, soap, ammonium chloride, most of the chlorates ready solu- 
ble in water, some nitrates, but none of the metallic sulphides. It dis- 
solves the fixed oils sparingly except castor oil, which is soluble in it. 

All deliquescent salts are soluble in alcohol (except potassium car- 
bonate). The efflorescent salts and those either insoluble or sparingly 
soluble in water, are mostly insoluble in it. 

The fusel oil in alcohol is removed usually by digestion with charcoal. 
On allowing alcohol mixed with one-third of its weight of water to 
evaporate spontaneously from blotting paper there should be no odor 
of fusel oil or other foreign odor. 

ALCOHOL ABSOLUTUM (Absolute Alcohol) Anhydrous alcohol. 

Prepared by distilling alcohol with potassium carbonate and calcium 
chloride, and should contain not more than 1% of water. Its specific 
gravity is .797 at i5°C (59°F.). 

ALCOHOL DEODORATUM (Deodorized Alcohol) Cologne Spirits. 

Prepared by filtering alcohol through animal charcoal and rectifying 
with potassium permanganate; It should contain about 92.5% by 
weight, and 95.1% by volume of absolute alcohol. Its specific gravity 
is .816 at i5°C (59°F). 

ALCOHOL DILTJTUM (Diluted Alcohol) Proof Spirit. 

Prepared by mixing together equal volumes of alcohol and water, and 
contains 41% by weight or 48.6^ by volume of absolute alcohol and 
about S9 r /o °f water. 

Its specific gravity is .936 at I5°C (S9°F). In the U. S. P. 1880, the 
dilute alcohol was prepared by mixing equal parts by weight of alcohol 
and water. 

Alcoholic liquors having the specific gravity of .920 are termed in com- 



95 

merce, " Proof Spirit." If lighter than this they are said to be above 
proof: it heavier, below proof ; and the percentage of water or spirit of 
.825 necessary to be added to any sample of spirit to bring it to the 
standard of proof, indicates the number of degrees the given sample is 
above or below proof. Thus, if 100 volumes of a spirit require 10 vol- 
umes of water to reduce it to proof it is said to be " 10 over proof." On 
the other hand, if 100 volumes of a spirit require 10 volumes of spirit 
.825 to raise it to proof, it is said to be " 10 under proof." 

The degree proof is twice the percentage strength by volume. 

RUM is obtained by the fermentation of molasses. 

HOLLAND GIN by the fermentation of malted barley and rye meal 
with hops, and rectifying from juniper berries. 

COMMON GIN by the fermentation of malted barley, rye or pota- 
toes, and rectified from turpentine. 

Official Rules for making an alcohol of any required lower percentage, 
from an alcohol of any given higher percentage : — 

•• 1 " By Volume : — Designate the volume percentage of the stronger 
alcohol by " V " and that of the weaker by " v." 

Rule : — Mix "v" volumes of the stronger alcohol with pure water to 
make " V " volumes of product. Allow the mixture to stand until full 
contraction has taken place, and until it has cooled, then make up the 
deficiency "V" volumes by adding more water. 

Ex. An alcohol of 30% by volume is to be made from an alcohol of 
94', by volume : — Take 30 volumes of the 94^ alcohol and add enough 
pure water to produce 94 volumes. 

11 2 " By Weight : — Designate the weight percentage of the stronger 
alcohol by " W " and that of the weaker by ' w." 

Rule: — Mix "w" parts by weight of the stronger alcohol with pure 
water to make k W " parts by weight of product. 

Kx. An alcohol of 5c'., by weight is to be made from an alcohol of 
cji r ' r by weight: — Take 50 parts by weight of the 91^ alcohol, and add 
enough pure water to produce 9 1 parts by weight. 

SPIRITUS FRUMENTI (Whiskey). 

An alcoholic liquid obtained by the distillation of the mash of fer- 
mented grain 1 usually a mixture of corn, wheat and rye) and at least two 
years old. It should contain 44$ to 50$ by weight, or 507,' to 58$ by 
volume of alcohol. 

When freshly distilled it is colorless, but when kept in casks gradu- 
ally becomes a brownish color which deepens with time. 

It is an excellent alcoholic stimulant, and is often used as an antisep- 
tic to ulcers and wounds. 

SPIRITUS VIN1 GALLIC1 (Brandy) Spirit of French Wine. 

An alcoholic liquid obtained by distilling the fermented unmodified 
juice of fresh grapes, and at least four years old. It contains from 39$ 



96 

to 47 V by weight or 46$ to 55^' by volume of alcohol. Often arti- 
ficially prepared by mixing cognac oil with alcohol and coloring. 

It is cordial, stimulant and stomachic. 

VINUM ALBUM (White Wine). 

An alcoholic liquid, prepared by fermenting the juice of fresh grapes, 
freed from their stems, seeds and skins, and refers to any of the light 
colored wines, as sherry, madeira, etc., provided they fill the require- 
ments of the U. S. P. It contains about 10% to 14% by weight, or \2.\ c / v 
to 17.3$ by volume of alcohol. 

Used in cases of debility. 

VINUM RUBRUM (Red Wine). 

An alcoholic liquid prepared by fermenting the juice of fresh grapes 
in the presence of their stems, seeds and skins. The principal red 
wines are port and claret, etc. It contains from 10% to 14% by weight, 
or 12.4% to 17.390 by volume of alcohol. 

Used in cases of debility. 

GLYCERINUM (Glycerin) C 3 H 5 (OH) 3 . 

A liquid containing not less than 95% of absolute glycerin obtained 
by the decomposition of fats and fixed oils in the manufacture of soap, 
the alkalies uniting with the oily acids and freeing the glycerin ; also a 
by-product in the manufacture of lead plaster. 

When exposed to the air it slowly absorbs moisture. Its specific 
gravity should not be less than 1.250 at i5°C (^g°F). Soluble in all pro- 
portions in alcohol and water. It possesses extensive properties as a 
solvent, dissolving bromine and iodine, sulphur iodide, potassium and 
sodium chlorides, the fixed alkalies, some of the alkaline earths, lime for 
example, and it increases the solvent powers of water. It is sometimes 
bleached with chlorine and is liable therefore to contain free chlorine and 
calcium chloride. It is also liable to contain oxalic and formic acids 
which render glycerin irritating to the skin ; the oxalic acid results from 
the action of sulphuric acid used in purifying it, and the formic acid 
from the reaction between oxalic acid and glycerin. 

Undiluted glycerin should not be mixed with substances which 
readily give up oxygen, as potassium permanganate, chromic acid, nitric 
acid, etc. 

It is laxative and preservative. Official in the suppository. 

It is the base of the glycerites and is also employed in tinctures, fluid 
extracts, etc., to retard or prevent precipitation. 

SUPPOSITORIA GLYCERINI (Glycerin Suppositories). 

Prepared by dissolving sodium carbonate in glycerin, adding stearic 
acid, heating to expel carbonic acid gas, then pouring into moulds and 
cooling. 

The stearic acid and the sodium carbonate unite to form a soap which 
keeps the glycerin in suspension. Used as a laxative. 



97 

LECTURE NO. 13. 

Products of Carbonization. 

CARBO ANIMALIS (Animal Charcoal) Bone Black, Ivory Black. 

Charcoal obtained by heating to redness bones without the access of 
air. 

Insoluble in water or alcohol. It consists of about 90% of calcium 
phosphate and \o°f of charcoal. 

It is used in pharmacy for decolorizing vegetable principles such as 
gallic acid, quinine, morphine, veratine, etc., and in the arts, principally 
for clarifying syrup in sugar refining, etc. 

CARBO ANIMALIS PURIFICATUS (Purified Animal Charcoal). 

Animal Charcoal from which the earthy salts have been removed 
almost wholly, by treatment with hydrochloric acid. The presence of 
calcium phosphate and carbonate would do no harm in some decoloriz- 
ing operations, but in delicate chemical processes, these salts might be 
dissolved or decomposed. Insoluble in water or alcohol. 

CARBO LIGNI (Charcoal) Wood Charcoal, Vegetable Charcoal. 

Charcoal obtained from soft wood by exposure to a red heat, without 
the access of air. 

Insoluble in water and alcohol. As ordinarily prepared it contains the 
incombustible part of the wood, amounting to i°/ or 2 % which is left as 
ashes when the charcoal is burned. These may be removed by digest- 
ing the charcoal in diluted hydrochloric acid, and afterwards washing it 
thoroughly with boiling water. It is disinfectant and absorbent. 

CARBONEI DISULPH1DUM (Carbon Disulphide) Carbon Bisul- 
phide. CS 2 . 

A body prepared by the direct combination of carbon (in the form of 
charcoal) and sulphur, at a moderate red heat. 

Partially soluble in water, but soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, 
fixed and volatile oils. It vaporizes rapidly at ordinary temperatures, 
and is highly inflammable. It is a powerful poison, and is not used in- 
ternally. Its principal uses are in the extraction of oils from oil-seeds, 
for the extraction of sulphur from sulphur ores, cleansing'wool and re- 
covering the fat, in the manufacture of India rubber goods as a solvent 
of the caoutchouc, and for the extraction of perfumes. 

It has been used externally as a counter irritant and local anaesthetic. 
It is also a valuable antiseptic. 

Ethers. 
^THER (Ether) fC,H,) 2 0, Sulphuric Ether, Hydric Ether, Hydrate 
of Ethylen, Oxide of Ethyl. 

A liquid containing 96^ by weight of absolute ethyl oxide, prepared 
by distilling together a mixture of sulphuric acid and alcohol, using the 
13 



98 

whole of the acid and only a third of the alcohol, the remainder of the 
alcohol being added as fast as ether distills over, keeping a uniform 
temperature below i4i.i"C (286°F). If the whole of the alcohol were 
used it would distill over in part unchanged, with the ether. The impure 
ether is purified by shaking with calcium chloride, which takes out sul- 
phurous acid, then with calcium oxide which removes the water, filtered 
and redistilled. 

Its specific gravity is 0.725 to 0.728 at i5°C (59°F). At a temperature 
of i6o°C (32o°F) there would be generated sulphurous acid, heavy oil 
of wine, defiant gas, and a large quantity of resino-carbonaceous matter, 
blackening and rendering thick the residuary liquid, all of them being 
products arising from the decomposition of a portion of sulphuric acid, 
alcohol and ether. 

Soluble in ten times its volume of water at i5°C (59°^"). It mixes with 
chloroform, alcohol, benzin, benzol, fixed and volatile oils. It is highly 
volatile and inflammable, and should be kept away from lights and fire, 
the products of its combustion being water and carbonic acid gas. 

The vapor of ether is heavier than air. The strength of the U. S. P. 
1880 Ether was 74%. 

Ether is an excellent solvent for resins, fats, waxes, alkaloids, oils, etc. 

It is anaesthetic and narcotic. 

When too long kept it undergoes decomposition and is decomposed 
in part into acetic acid. 

The amount of ether required to produce insensibility varies with dif- 
ferent persons. While giving ether the finger should be kept on the 
pulse, and if it becomes feeble or very slow or very rapid, the ether 
should be removed until the circulation becomes restored. The danger 
in etherization is rarely through failure of the circulation, but by arrest 
of the respiration, and the state of the latter function should be closely 
watched : should it become slow, or shallow, or irregular, the ether should 
be withdrawn, and if necessary, appropriate measures of relief adopted. 

One of the disadvantages in the use of ether, is that vomiting is apt 
to occur and be severe during the recovery from narcosis. No food 
should be allowed for some hours before etherization, and a moderate 
dose of brandy or whiskey should be given at the beginning of the latter 
process. Diseases of the kidneys strongly contra-indicate the use of 
ether, chloroform being safer under such circumstances. 

SPIR1TUS ^ETHERIS (Spirit of Ether). 

Prepared by mixing together 325 C.c. of ether with 675 C.c. of alcohol. 

Dose : 1 to 3 fluid drachms (3.75 to 11.25 C.c). 

SPIRITUS ^THERIS COMPOSITUS (Compound Spirit of Ether). 
Hoffman's Anodyne. 

Contains 325 C.c. of ether, 650 C.c. of alcohol, and 25 C.c. of ethe- 
real oil. 



90 

It becomes milky when mixed with water, owing to the separation 
of the ethereal oil. 

It is stimulant, antispasmodic and anodyne. 

Dose : 30 minims to 2 fluid drachms (1.85 to 7.5 C.C.). 

Esters. 

.ETHER ACETICUS (Acetic Ether) Ethyl Acetate. C,H,C,H ,0,. 

A liquid composed of yS-S r /c by weight of ethyl acetate, and 1.5$ of 
alcohol, containing a little water, prepared by distilling together a mix- 
ture of sulphuric acid, alcohol and sodium acetate. 

Soluble in water and mixes in all proportions with ether, alcohol, fixed 
and volatile oils. Its specific gravity is .S93 to .S95 at i5°C (S9°F). It 
is inflammable and burns with a yellowish flame and an acetous odor. It 
is stimulant and antispasmodic. Dose : 15 to 30 drops (0.9 to 1.9 C.C.). 

SPIRITUS -ETHERIS NITROSI (Spirit of Nitrous Ether) 
C 2 H 5 N0 2 . Sweet Spirit of Nitre. 

An alcoholic solution of ethyl nitrite, yielding when freshly prepared 
and tested by a nitrometer, not less than 11 times its own volume of 
nitrogen dioxide (NO). 

Prepared by distilling together a mixture of sodium nitrite, suphuric 
acid and alcohol, washing the distillate with ice cold water to remove 
any alcohol, removing traces of acid with ice cold water in which sodium 
carbonate has been dissolved, agitating with potassium carbonate to 
remove the water, and filtering into deodorized alcohol. Ascertain the 
weight of the nitrous ether filtered into the deodorized alcohol by noting 
the increase in weight of the tared bottle and contents, and then add 
enough deodorized alcohol to make the mixture weigh twenty-two times 
the weight of the nitrous ether added. 

Its specific gravity is .S20 at i5°C (59°F). When kept for a long time 
after having been freely exposed to light and air it acquires an acid re- 
action, but it should not effervesce when a crystal of potassium bicar- 
bonate is dropped into it. It mixes with alcohol and water in all pro- 
portions. It is very inflammable and burns with a white flame. Alcohol 
and water are very often fraudulently added to it. 

It is diaphoretic, diuretic and antispasmodic. Dose : 30 to 60 min- 
ims I 1.9 to 3.75 C.C. >. 

( >LEUM iETHEREUM (Ethereal Oil) Light Oil of Wine. 

A volatile liquid, consisting of equal volumes of heavy oil of wine and 
ether. Prepared by mixing alcohol and sulphuric acid together, allowing 
to stand to allow the lead sulphate which is usually present in commer- 
cial sulphuric acid to deposit, because its presence in the retort will 
cause frothing and distilling. The product of distillation is generally in 
two layers, one consisting of water holding sulphurous acid in solution, 
and the other, of ether containing the heavy oil of wine. After separa- 



100 

tion, the liquid is exposed to the air for twenty-four hours in order to 
evaporate the ether off, the oil is then washed with water to remove the 
sulphuric acid. 

The undiluted ethereal is heavy oil of wine, which is liable to change 
on keeping - , and the presence of ether prevents this change. Insoluble 
in water, but soluble in alcohol. 

Official in compound spirit of ether. 

On long keeping it does not change except acquiring a brown hue, 
which does not interfere with its medicinal action. 

AMYL NITRIS (Amyl Nitrite) C 5 H u N0 2 , Amylo-nitrous Ether. 

A liquid containing 8o$, of amyl nitrite, prepared by passing a stream 
of nitrous acid gas through amyl alcohol. 

Its specific gravity is from .870 to .880 at i5°C (59T.). 

Almost insoluble in water. Mixes in all proportions with alcohol and 
ether. It is very volatile and inflammable. 

It is a good antidote to hydrocyanic acid poisoning. Used mostly in 
pearls which are broken and inhaled on a handkerchief. It is a cardiac 
stimulant. Dose : 3 to 5 drops (0.18 to 0.3 C.c.) by inhalation or the 
mouth. 

SPIRITUS GLONOINI "(Spirit of Glonoin) Spirit of Nitroglycerin, 
Solution of Trinitin. 

Prepared by dissolving nitroglycerin in alcohol and contains i°f . 

It should be stored in a cool place, away from light and fire, and 
should be kept and transported in well-stoppered tin cans. Great care 
should be used in handling, packing or stirring the spirit, since a dan- 
gerous explosion may result if any considerable quantity of it be spilled 
and the alcohol be partially or wholly lost by evaporation. 

Caution should be used in tasting it, as even in small quantities it 
produces a violent headache. It has the same action as the nitrites, 
only more powerful. It is often used in cases of poisoning by illuminat- 
ing gas. Dose : 1 to 2 minims (.06 to .12 C.c). 

Nitroglycerin (C 3 H. 5 (N0 3 ) 3 Trinitrin, Glonoin, Glyceryl Trinitate, is 
made by the action of sulphuric and nitric acids on glycerin. 

It is a yellowish liquid of a specific gravity of 1.525 to 1.6, inodorous, 
of a sweet, pungent and aromatic taste, slightly soluble in water, readily 
soluble in alcohol, ether and methylated spirit. It does not freeze 
above — i5°C (4°F) when quite pure, but as it occurs in commerce, 
solidifies by constant exposure to a temperature of 8°C (46.4^) and 
assumes the form of long needles, which are dangerous to handle, as they 
explode violently when broken. The action of nitroglycerin differs from 
that of amyl nitrite in that its effects are not so prompt and are percep- 
tible for a much longer time. 

METHYL SALICYLAS. See page 91. 



101 
Aldehydes. 

ALDEHYDE (Acetic Aldehyde, Acetaldehyde) Not Official. C,H 4 0. 

The word means alcohol deprived of hydrogen (Wcohol dekydrogena.- 
tum) and is prepared by the oxidation of alcohol. 

It is a colorless, mobile, inflammable fluid, having a decidedly pun- 
gent, ethereal and suffocating odor. It mixes with water, ether and 
alcohol, and by exposure to the air is converted into acetic acid by the 
absorption of oxygen. It is a preservative. Locally it is very irritating. 

PARALDEHYDE! (Paraldehyde) C.H^O,. 

A polymeric form of ethyl aldehyde (C>H 4 0), prepared by acting on 
aldehyde with small quantities of. sulphuric or hydrochloric acids. 

It is a colorless transparent liquid soluble in water, and mixes in all 
proportions with alcohol, ether, fixed and volatile oils. 

It is hypnotic. Dose: i to ij fluid drachms (1.8 to 5.5 C.c). 

CHLORAL (Chloral) C,HC1A H 2 0, Chloral Hydrate, Hydrate of 
Chloral. 

Prepared by passing chlorine gas into cold alcohol, then heating the 
alcohol to not over 6o°C (i4o°F) and passing chlorine gas into it until 
saturated ; it is then saturated with sulphuric acid, during which time 
the hydrochloric acid gas escapes, and then rectifying over calcium car- 
bonate, which removes the acid ; it is then made hydrous with water and 
crystallized. 

It is slowly volatilized when exposed to the air. Soluble in water and 
alcohol. The name chloral was derived from the c/?/or'me and #/cohol 
from which it is made. It is liquefied when triturated with an equal 
quantity of menthol, camphor, thymol, or carbolic acid. 

It is hypnotic. Dose : 15 to 30 grains (1 to 2 gms.). 

Antidotes : emetics or stomach pump, atropine, digitalis or strychnine. 

Petrolatum Derivatives. 

PETROLATUM LIQUIDUM (Liquid Petrolatum) Paraffine Oil. 

A mixture of hydrocarbons, chiefly of the marsh gas series, obtained 
by distilling off the lighter and more volatile portions from petrolatum, 
and purifying the residue when it has the desired consistence. 

It is a colorless or more or less yellowish, oily liquid, transparent,with- 
out odor or taste. Insoluble in water, sparingly soluble in cold or hot 
alcohol, soluble in ether, chloroform, carbon disulphide, oil of turpentine, 
benzin, benzol, fixed and volatile oils. 

Used principally in the arts. 

PETROLATUM MOLLE (Soft Petrolatum). 

A mixture of hydrocarbons, chiefly of the marsh gas series, obtained 
by distilling off the lighter and more volatile portions from petrolatum, 
and purifying the residue when it has the desired melting point. 

A fat-like mass, of about the consistence of an ointment, varying from 



102 

white to yellowish or yellow. It is to be dispensed where petrolatum is 
ordered, when not otherwise specified. 

It is similar to vaseline, cosmoline, etc. 

Used as a vehicle for ointments and dressings. 

PETROLATUM SP1SSUM (Hard Petrolatum). 

A mixture of hydrocarbons, chiefly of the marsh gas series, obtained 
by distilling off the lighter and more volatile portions from petrolatum 
and purifying the residue when it has the desired melting point. 

It is a fat-like mass, of about the consistence of a cerate, varying 
from white to yellowish or yellow. 

BENZINUM (Benzin) Petroleum Benzin, Petroleum Ether. 

A purified distillate from American Petroleum, consisting of hydro- 
carbons, chiefly of the marsh gas series. 

Insoluble in water. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzol, 
fixed and volatile oils. It is very inflammable and should be kept away 
from lights and fires. It is used as a solvent for fats, resins, oils, etc. 

It should not be confounded with Benzene, which is obtained in the 
distillation of coal tar. 

Chlorine Derivatives. 

CHLOROFORMUM (Chloroform) CHC1 3 . 

A liquid consisting of 99% to 99.4% of absolute chloroform, and from 
i c / to .6% of alcohol, prepared by distilling together a mixture of chlor- 
inated lime, slaked lime and alcohol, shaking the impure chloroform 
with water, which separates the alcohol, chlorine, and other contaminat- 
ing substances; the pyrogenous oil is decomposed with sulphuric acid, 
which is charred and partially changed into sulphurous acid ; the acid 
is removed by shaking with calcium chloride and lime, which also re- 
moves the water ; it is then redistilled and 1 % of alcohol added to pre- 
vent decomposition. 

Pure chloroform decomposes by the action of light and air into phos- 
gene gas and chlorine, some hydrochloric acid being also formed. The 
addition of alcohol partially prevents this change. It is volatile and not 
inflammable. Specific gravity should not be below 1.490 at i5°C (59°F). 
Partially soluble in water and freely soluble in alcohol ether, benzin, 
benzol, and the fixed and volatile oils. It is liable to decomposition by 
sunlight or even diffused daylight, and should therefore be kept in 
bottles covered with dark paper, in a dark place. 

It has extensive solvent powers dissolving caoutchouc, gutta percha, 
mastic, tolu, benzoin, copal, iodine, bromine, the organic alkalies, fixed 
and volatile oils, camphor, most resins, and fats. It dissolves sulphur 
and phosphorus sparingly. 

It is anaesthetic and when locally applied, irritant, and often used as a 
counter irritant and narcotic in neuralgia, colic, etc. Dose : 2 to 5 
minims (.12 to .30 C.c). 



103 

The patient should always be in a horizontal position when inhaling 
chloroform and the moment snoring is produced it should be withdrawn. 
It should not be administered to persons subject to epilepsy, affected 
with organic disease of the heart, or predisposed to syncope. 

The reason that ether is much safer than chloroform, lies in the fact 
that chloroform is a direct parylizant to the heart, while ether is stimu- 
lant to it. As chloroform accidents are very liable to occur it is neces- 
sary to carefully watch the patient. In most cases a peculiar pallor of 
the face is the first sign of danger. The patient should be placed at an 
angle of 45 degrees, head downward, or even completely inverting the 
person, cold air fanned upon the face, cold water poured upon the head, 
sinapisms to the feet, friction and heat to the body and extremities, 
and ammonia to the nostrils. If respiration ceases, the tongue should 
be seized with the artery forceps and pulled forward from the glottis, 
and artificial respiration vigorously performed. When the patient can 
swallow, strong alcoholic drinks may be given. 

When taken in an overdose by the mouth, the stomach should be 
emptied as soon as possible, and the treatment the same as in case of 
narcosis from inhalation. 

Official in the water, spirit, emulsion and liniment. 

AQUA CHLOROFORMI (Chloroform Water). 

Prepared by shaking chloroform with water, allowing it to settle, and 
pouring off the clear liquid, which contiins about J% and is probably 
saturated. 

It is antiseptic. Dose : h to 2 fluid ounces (15 to 60 C.c). 

SPJRITUS CHLOROFORMI (Spirit of Chloroform) Chloric Ether, 
Spirit of Chloric Ether. 

Prepared by mixing together 60 C.c. of chloroform and 940 C.c. of 
alcohol, and contains 6°/ c by volume, while the spirit of the U. S. P. 1880 
contained io°f c by weight. Dose : 10 to 60 minims (.6 to 3.75 C.c), 

EMULSUM CHLOROFORMI (Emulsion of Chloroform). 

Contains 4$ of chloroform expressed oil of almond to render the 
emulsion permanent, tragacanth and water. 

The emulsion of the 1880 U. S. P. contained 5%. Dose : 1 to 2 table- 
spoonfuls (15 to 30 C.c). 

LINIMENTUM CHLOROFORMI (Liniment of Chloroform). 

Contains 300 C.c. of chloroform and 700 C.c. of soap liniment. 

It is an excellent application in painful affections. As the chloroform 
rapidly evaporates, it is desirable, in order to obtain its full anodyne 
effect, to guard against this by using waxed paper, or some other im- 
pervious covering. 

Iodine Derivatives. 

IODOFORMUM (Todoform) CHI,. 

Prepared by the action of iodine on alcohol in the presence of a car- 
bonated alkali. 



104 

It is slightly volatile, even at ordinary temperatures. Slightly soluble 
in water, but soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzin, fixed and 
volatile oils. The odor of iodoform may be masked to a certain extent 
by the addition of about 4% of menthol. 

Incompatible with potassa in solution, being decomposed, yielding 
potassium formate and iodide. 

It is anaesthetic and antiseptic. Official in the ointment. 

When iodoform is brought in contact with the living surface of a 
wound it is slowly decomposed liberating free iodine, which has a dis- 
tinct influence- upon the development of septic organisms. 

UNGUENTUM IODOFORM! (Ointment of Iodoform). 

Contains 10 grams of iodoform and 90 grams of benzoinated lard. 

It is important to have the iodoform in as fine a powder as possible. 
Owing to the powerful odor of iodoform it is usual to add oil of bitter 
almonds, or one of the other volatile oils, Balsam of Peru, or a similar 
substance, to render the odor more bearable. 

. Benzene Derivatives. 

ACETANILIDUM (Acetani id) C 6 H 5 NHC 2 H 3 0, Phenyl-acetamide 
Antifebrin. 

An acetyl derivative of anilin prepared by acting on anilin, with glaci- 
ale acetic acid. 

Permanent in the air. Soluble in water, and very soluble in alcohol. 

Acetanilid sometimes exists as impurity in phenacetine and may be 
detected as follows : By mixing 5 grains of phenacetine with 2 fluid 
drachms of solution of potash, boiling, adding 5 drops of chloroform, 
again boiling, if acetanilid be present a penetrating and repulsive odor 
will appear. 

It is antipyretic and is sometimes used as a substitute for iodoform 
in hard and soft venereal sores. Dose : 10 grains (.65 gm.). 

NAPTHALINUM (Napthalin) C ln H s . 

A hydrocarbon obtained from coal tar by distillation Insoluble in 
water, but soluble in alcohol, chloroform, carbon disulphide, naptha, and 
the oils. 

It is antiseptic and disinfectant. Dose : 2 to 8 grains (.13 to .52 gm.) 
best administered in capsules. 

Under the name TAR CAMPHOR, it is largely used in place of 
camphor to prevent the deposition by moths of eggs, in woolen clothing, 
and of preventing the destruction by insects in Natural HistoryMuseums. 

XAPTHOL (Napthol) C 1( ,H 7 OH, Beta-napthol. 

A phenol occurring in coal tar or obtained artificially from napthalin 
by the action of sulphuric acid and fusing with alkalies. 

Permanent in the air. Sparingly soluble in water, but soluble in alco- 
hol, ether, chloroform, or solutions of the caustic alkalies. 

It is antiseptic. Dose : 3 to 4 grains (.2 to .25 gm.). 



105 

LECTURE NO. 14. 

Phenols. 
ACIDUM CARBOLICUM. See page 89. 
THYMOL (Thymol) C 10 H 14 O. 

A phenol occurring in the volatile oils of Thymus vulgaris, Monarda 
punctata, and Car u in Ajowan. 

Slightly soluble in water, but very soluble in alcohol, ^ther, fixed oils. 
When triturated with an equal quantity of camphor, menthol or chloral, 
it liquefies. It is antiseptic. Dose : 2^ grains (0.162 gm.). 

CREOSOTUM (Creosote). 

A mixture of phenols, chiefly guaiacol and creosol, obtained by the 
distillation of wood, preferably that of the beech. 

When pure it is colorless, but on exposure to the air and light it turns 
darker and sometimes as dark as brown, and should be kept in amber- 
colored bottles. Partially soluble in water but soluble in alcohol, ether, 
chloroform, benzin. carbon disulphide, acetic acid, and fixed oils. 

It is apt to contain eupion and is sometimes adulterated with rectified 
oil of tar, fixed and volatile oils, and carbolic acid. Distinguished 
from carbolic acid by not coagulating albumen. 

It is antiseptic. Dose: 1 to 3 minims (.06 to .18 C.c.) given in pill, 
mixture or solution. 

Antidotes : Evacuation of the stomach, then ammonia and other stim- 
ulants. Official in the water. 

AQUA CREOSOTI (Creosote Water). Contains 1 % of creosote or 
4.8 minims to each fluid ounce. 

Dose : 1 to 4 fluid drachms (3.69 to 15 C.c). 

NAPTHOL. See page 104. 

PYROGALLOL ( Pyrogallolj C 6 H 3 (OH) g , Pyrogallic Acid. 

A triatomic phenol obtained by the dry distillation of gallic acid. 

It acquires a grey or darker tint on exposure to light and air, and 
should be kept in dark amber-colored bottles. Soluble in water, alco- 
hol and ether. Used in skin diseases; but is very poisonous and should 
therefore be used with great care. 

RESOROIXUM (Resorcin; C 6 H, -OH »,. Metadioxybenzol. 

A diatomic phenol prepared by fusing galbanum, asafoetida, and 
other resins with potassa ; or by the destructive distillation of brazilin ; 
or from the wash or mother liquors obtained in its manufacture from 
Brazil Wood. 

It is isomeric with pyrocatechin and hydroquinone. It acquires a 
reddish or brownish tint by exposure to light and air, and should be 
kept in dark amber-colored bottles. Soluble in alcohol, water, ether, 
glycerin. Slightly soluble in chloroform. 

It is antiseptic and antipyretic. Dose: 2 to 5 grain- ,_> gm.). 

14 



106 

Waxes. 

CERA FLAVA (Yellow Wax) Beeswax. 

A peculiar concrete substance, prepared by the hive bee (Apis melli- 
fica), obtained by fusing the honey-comb in hot water, collecting and 
straining. 

Insoluble in water or alcohol, but soluble in boiling alcohol, ether, 
chloroform, fixed and volatile oils. Often adulterated with paraffin, resin, 
meal, earth, and other insoluble substances. 

Used in the preparation of ointments, cerates, etc. Official in resin 
cerate, resin plaster, and ointment. 

UNGUENTUM (Ointment) Simple Ointment. 

Contains 800 grams of lard and 200 grams of yellow wax. 

It is emollient. 

CERA ALBA (White Wax). 

Obtained by bleaching yellow wax by exposure to moisture, air and 
light. 

Insoluble in water and alcohol. Often adulterated with white lead, 
starch, meal, etc. Official in simple cerate and the compound cerates. 

CERATUM (Cerate) Simple Cerate. 

Contains 300 grams of white wax and 700 grams of lard. 

CETACEUM (Spermaceti). 

A peculiar, concrete, fatty substance, obtained from the head of the 
sperm whale (Physeter marcrocephalus). 

Insoluble in water and alcohol, but soluble in ether, chloroform, car- 
bon disulphide, fixed and volatile oils. 

Used in many ointments and cerates. Official in simple cerate and 
rose water ointment. 

Starches. 

AMYLUM (Starch) C 6 H 10 O 5 , Wheat Starch, Corn Starch. 

The fecula of the seed of Zea Mays (Natural Order, Gramineae). 

It is the. proximate principle in most plants, especially in various 
grains, as wheat, rye, barley, oats, rice, maize, etc., in other seeds as 
peas, beans, chestnuts, acorns, etc., and in numerous rhizomes and tu- 
berous roots, as those of the potato, sweet potato, etc. 

Obtained from these substances by reducing to a fine powder, agitat- 
ing or washing with cold water, straining or pouring off the liquid, and 
allowing it to stand until the fine powder or fecula which it holds in sus- 
pension has subsided, collecting and drying. 

Alkalies unite with starch forming soluble compounds which are de- 
composed by acids, the starch being precipitated. It is precipitated from 
its solution by lime water and baryta water, forming insoluble compounds 
with those earths. Insoluble in water, ether or alcohol, but when added 
to hot water it swells up and forms a soft, semi-transparent paste, or a 



107 

gelatinous opaque solution, according to the amount of starch used. 
When acted on with dilute acid or ferments it is changed to DEXTRIN 
and Dextrose (grape sugar). The most delicate test for starch is tinc- 
ture of iodine, which gives a blue color. 

It is nutrient and demulcent. Official in the glycerite. 

GLYCERITUM AMYLI (Glycerite of Starch) Plasma. 

Prepared by heating together starch, glycerin and water. 

It is liable to absorb moisture and should be kept in well-closed vessels. 

Used as a vehicle for other substances to be employed locally. 

Cellulose Derivatives. 

CELLULOSE or CELLULIN is the woody fibre of plants which 
form the skeleton or framework for the vegetable tissue. Raw cotton is 
a pure form of cellulose. 

It is a very important and valuable substance obtained from plants. 
Hemp, Linen and Cotton goods are made from cellulose. 

Cellulose is insoluble in water, alcohol, ether, benzin and oils. When 
treated with strong sulphuric acid or phosphoric acid it is converted into 
dextrine. If the mixture be diluted with water and heated it produces* 
glucose. It is converted into parchment paper bypassing unsized paper 
(cellulose) through a mixture of sulphuric acid and water and drying. 
When acted on with nitric acid it is converted into gun cotton. 

LIGNIN is the substance which lines the interior of the skeleton or 
framework of plants. 

PYROXYLINUM (Pyroxylin) Soluble Gun Cotton, Colloxylin. 

Prepared by macerating cotton in a mixture of nitric and sulphuric 
acids until when taken out and washed, it is soluble in a mixture of 
three parts of ether and one part of alcohol by volume. 

When cotton is acted on by nitric acid there is produced under dif- 
ferent circumstances five nitro-derivatives : Di, tri, tetra, penta, andhexa- 
nitro-cellulose. 

The hexanitrate is insoluble in alcohol and ether, and is the true ex- 
plosive gun cotton. The soluble gun cotton is a mixture of the Di, tri, 
tetra, and penta nitrates, but principally of the tri and tetra nitrates. 
Insoluble in water and alcohol, but soluble in acetic ether and amy] 
acetate. 

Used in making collodion, and is now extensively used as the basis 
of transparent varnishes for lacquering wood and metal. 

COLLODIUM (Collodion;. 

Prepared by dissolving gun cotton in a mixture of alcohol and ether, 
letting stand and decanting the clear liquid. The sediment consists 
of undecomposed filaments of cotton. 

When applied to a dry surface the ether evaporates quickly and a 
transparent film is left, having remarkable adhesive and contractile prop- 



108 

erties. It should be kept in well-stoppered bottles, in a cool place, away 
from lights and fire. Official in flexible and styptic collodion. 

COLLODIUM CANTHARIDATUM (Cantharidal Collodion) Blis- 
tering Collodion. 

Prepared by percolating cantharides with chloroform, distilling off the 
chloroform, evaporating the residue and mixing with flexible collodion. 

It should be kept in a cool place, away from lights and fire. It is 
epispastic. 

COLLODIUM FLEXILE (Flexible Collodion). 

Contains Collodion, Canada turpentine, and castor oil. The Canada 
turpentine and castor oil render it elastic and not so contractile. 

COLLODIUM STYPTICUM (Styptic Collodion) Styptic Colloid, 
Xylostyptic Ether. 

Contains tannic acid, ether, alcohol, and collodion. 
Sugars. 

CASSIA FISTULA (Purging Cassia) Cassia Pulp. 

The fruit of Cassia Fistula (nat. ord. Leguminosae). 

Grows in Upper Egypt and India, and contains sugar, gum, a sub- 
stance analagous to tannin, a little coloring matter, soluble in ether, 
traces of a principle resembling gluten, and water. 

Official in confection of senna. 

It is laxative in doses of i to 2 drachms (3.9 to 7.8 gm.). 

FICUS (Fig). 

The fleshy receptacle of Ficus Carica (nat ord. Urticaceae). 

Grows in Italy and France, and contains grape sugar and gum or mu- 
cilage. Official in confection of senna. 

It is nutrient, laxative and demulcent. 

MANNA (Manna). 

The concrete, saccharine exudation of Fraxinus Ornus (nat. ord. Ole- 
aceai). 

It grows in Sicily, Calabria and Apulia. During the hot months the 
juice exudes from the bark and concretes upon its surface, but as the 
exudation is slow, it is customary to facilitate the process by making 
deep incisions longitudinally on one side of the trunk. 

It melts and takes fire, burning with a blue flame. When pure it is 
soluble in water and alcohol, and contains a peculiar sweet principle, 
Mannite (a hexatomic alcohol), a variety of sugar, a yellow nauseous 
matter, and mucilage. 

When kept for a long time, manna acquires a deeper color, softens, 
and ultimately deliquesces into a liquid, which, upon the addition of 
yeast undergoes the vinous fermentation. 

It is gently laxative. It is said that manna recently gathered is less 
purgative than that kept for some time. Dose : 1 to 2 ounces (31.1 to 
62.2 gm.j. Official in compound infusion of senna. 



109 

MEL (Honey). 

A saccharine secretion deposited in the honey comb by Apis mellifica 
(class insecta : order, HymenoptenU. 

It should contain from 70$ to 8o r /( ' of glucose. When fresh it is 
liquid, but on keeping, is apt to form a crystalline deposit and to be con- 
verted into a soft granular mass. Largely adulterated with artificial glu- 
cose, starch, gelatin, etc. It has the same properties as sugar. Used 
in making clarified honey. 

MEL DESPUMATUM (Clarified honey). 

Prepared by mixing honey with 2% of paper pulp, heating as long as 
any scum rises to the top, skimming off and adding water to make up 
the loss by evaporation and mixing with 5% of its weight of glycerin. 

PRUNUM (Prune). 

The fruit of Prunus domestica (nat. ord. Rosaceae). 

It grows in the South of France and contains water, nitrogenous 
material, fat, free acid, sugar, etc. Official in confection of senna. 

It is laxative and nutritious. 

RUBUS ID.-EUS (Raspberry). 

The fruit of Rubus Idaeus (nat. ord. Rosaceae). It is cultivated in the 
United States and contains sugar, acid, etc. Official in the syrup. 

SYRUPUS RUBI ID.ET (Syrup of Raspberry). 

Prepared by reducing the fruit to pulp, letting stand in a tempera- 
ture of 2o°C (68°F) until a small portion of the filtered juice mixes clean 
with half its volume of alcohol, separating the juice, filtering, and to 
every 40 parts by weight of filtrate, add 60 parts by weight of sugar, 
boil and strain, and keep in well-stoppered bottles, in a cool and dark 
place. 

SACCHARUM (Sugar) C lL ,rLX) n , Cane Sugar, Sucrose. 

The refined sugar from Saccharum Officinarum. 

The saccharine principles distinguished by chemists are as follows : 
Cane sugar, from sugar cane, sugar beet, and sugar maple, having the 
formula C 12 H.> 2 0n : Lactose or milk sugar, from the whey of cows' milk, 
and Maltose, a product of the action of malt on cereals, both having the 
same formula C^H^O,,. Glucose, including Dextrose or grape sugar, 
Levulose or fruit sugar, and that resulting from the change of starch 
and starch containing cereals, formula, C,;H,.,( ), ; . Arabinose, from gum 
Arabic, having the formula CgH^Og, Mannite, from manna, and Dulcite, 
having the formula C 6 H 14 8 . 

Permanent in the air. Soluble in water, 175 parts of alcohol, but in- 
soluble in ether, chloroform, and carbon disulphide. 

Strong nitric acid with heat acts on sugar-producing oxalic acid. The 
same acid when weak converts it into saccharic acid. When heated 
with dilute sulphuric acid it is converted into glucose. With strong sul- 
phuric acid it is charred. Cane sugar unites with alkalies and some of 



110 

the alkaline earths forming definite compounds which render the sugar 
less liable to change. It unites with lead monoxide. 

It is an aliment and condiment, and often used as a preservative. 
Official in Syrup, and used in the preparation of syrups, elixirs, mixtures, 
emulsions, etc. » 

SYRUPUS (Syrup) Simple Syrup. 

Prepared by dissolving sugar in water with the aid of heat, and con- 
tains 85%. 

When sugar is used containing a blue coloring matter (ultramarine) 
the syrup is not colorless, and on standing deposits a dark-colored sedi- 
ment. Specific gravity 1.3 17 at i5°C (59°F). 

Used in the formation of pills, mixtures, etc. 

SACCHARUM LACTIS (Sugar of Milk) C 12 H 22 O u , H 2 0, Lactin, 
Milk Sugar, Lactose. 

A peculiar, crystalline sugar obtained from the whey of cows' milk by 
evaporation, and purified by recrystallization. 

It exists in milk to the extent of abcut 5%. Soluble in water, but in- 
soluble in ether and alcohol, and is not susceptible to vinous fermenta- 
tion by the direct action of yeast. 

Used as a bland article of diet in consumption. 

Gums and Mucilaginous Substances. 

ACACIA (Acacia) Gum Arabic. 

A gummy exudation from Acacia Senegal (nat. ord. Leguminosae). 
Grows in Senegal, Turkey, Barbary and India, and contains a soluble 
portion (arabin) and an insoluble portion (bassorin), also a lime com- 
pound, and is sometimes called gummate of calcium. It is bleached by 
exposure to the air. Soluble in water, but insoluble in alcohol, ether 
and the oils. When dissolved in water, it forms a thick, glutinous liquid, 
having a distinctly acid reaction. 

Powdered acacia when treated with iodine test solution, is not colored 
blue (absence of starch) or red (absence of dextrin). It is often adulter- 
ated with starch, flour and cheaper gums. If alcohol be added to mucil- 
age of acacia, arabin will be precipitated. When acted on with strong 
nitric acid it forms nitro-compounds ; with dilute nitric acid it forms 
mucic and saccharic acids, with oxalic and a little tartaric acid ; with 
dilute sulphuric acid and boiling it forms arabinose or arabin sugar. 
Its aqueous solution is not precipitated by neutral lead acetate, but the 
basic acetate throws down a gelatinous precipitate, even in very dilute 
solution. 

Its aqueous solution yields a gelatinous precipitate with ferric chloride 
test solution, or concentrated solution of borax. Solutions of acacia do 
not ferment on the addition of yeast, saliva, or gastric juice, but ferment- 
ation takes place upon the addition of chalk and cheese, forming lactic 



Ill 

acid and alcohol, but not mannite or glycerin. Acacia may be disting- 
uished from dextrine as follows : 

i — Gum contains no dextro-glucose while dextrine does, which may 
be detected by Fehling's Solution. 

2 — Gum contains a lime compound, and its solutions are rendered 
milky by the addition of oxalic acid, while the acid does not affect a 
Solution of dextrine. It is demulcent. Official in the mucilage and 
compound chalk powder. 

MUC1LAGO ACACI^E (Mucilage of Acacia). 

Prepared by washing acacia with water and draining, then dissolving 
in water and straining to remove foreign substances often mixed with 
acacia, and contains 34^ of acacia. 

A mucilage that will keep for months is prepared by using tolu water 
instead of water. The mucilage is rendered much more adhesive by the 
addition of one part aluminum sulphate to one hundred and twenty-five 
parts of mucilage. It is official in the syrup. 

SYRUPUS ACACL-E (Syrup of Acacia). 

Prepared by mixing together 25 C.c. mucilage of acacia and 75 C.c. of 
syrup. 

Useful in the preparation of mixtures, pills and troches. It is demul- 
cent. 

ALTHAEA (Marshmallow). 

The root of Althaea officinalis (nat. ord. Malvaceae). 

Grows in the United States and Europe, and contains mucilaginous 
matter, starch, saccharine matter. 

Pieces which are woody, discolored, mouldy, of a sour or musty smell, 
or of a sourish taste should be rejected. 

It is demulcent. Official in the syrup. 

SYRUPUS ALTH.E.E (Syrup of Marshmallow). 

Prepared by washing marshmallow cut into small pieces, with water, 
macerated in a mixture of alcohol and water, straining, dissolving sugar 
in the liquid and adding glycerin. 

It should be kept in well stoppered bottles, in a cool place, completely 
filled. The glycerin and alcohol delay fermentation. 

Dose : 1 drachm to \ fluid ounce (^3.75 to 15 C.c). 

CETRARIA (Iceland Moss). 

The whole plant of Cetraria islandica (class Lichen 

Grows in Iceland and also on the mountains and sandy plains of New 
England, and contains Cetrarin, a peculiar bitter principle, chlorophyll, 
uncrystallizable sugar, gum, extractive, and a peculiar starch like 
principle. 

The Lapps and Icelanders use powdered cetraria to make bread or 
boil it with milk, after partially freeing it from bitter principle by re- 



112 

peated maceration in water, the gum and starch which it contains being 
sufficiently nutritive to serve as food. 

Official in the decoction. It is demulcent, nutritious and tonic. 

DECOCTUM CETRARLE (Decoction of Cetraria). 

Prepared by washing cetraria, and then boiling with water. 

CHONDRUS (Irish Moss) Carragheen. 

The whole plant of Chondrus crispus and Gigartina mamillosa (class. 
Algs). 

Grows in Europe and the United States, and contains carragheenin, 
water, mineral matter, albuminoids, and cellulose. Carragheenin has 
been used as a substitute for acacia but may be distinguished from it as 
follows : When dissolved in water, carragheenin does not give a preci- 
pitate with alcohol. Distinguished from starch by not turning blue with 
iodine test solution- It is nutritive and demulcent. 

DEXTRINE (not official), is a substance resembling gum in appear- 
ance and properties, prepared by the action of dilute acids or diastase 
on starch. 

Soluble in water, hot or cold, and forms a mucilaginous solution from 
which it is precipitated by alcohol. It differs from gum arabic by not 
affording mucic acid by the action of nitric acid. It may be disting- 
uished from gum by the taste and smell of potato oil which it possesses. 

SASSAFRAS MEDULLA (Sassafras Pith). 

The pith of Sassafras variifolium (nat. ord. Laurineae). 

Grows in New England and the Southern States, and contains mucil- 
aginous matter in large quantities. 

Official in mucilage. 

MUCILAGO SASSAFRAS MEDULLA (Mucilage of Sassafras 
Pith). 

Prepared by macerating sassafras pith in water for three hours and 
straining, and should be freshly prepared when wanted for use. 

Used as an application to the eyes in conjunctivitis, and also ad libi- 
tum in febrile diseases. 

TRAGACANTHA (Tragacanth). 

A gummy exudation from Astragulus gummifer, and other species of 
Astragulus (nat. ord. Leguminosse), growing in Asia Minor, and con- 
sists principally of bassorin, with a small quantity of arabin. 

When treated with water, it swells up and forms a gelatinous mass. 
Insoluble in alcohol. The gelatinous mass is tinged blue by the addition 
of iodine test solution, but the fluid portion is precipitated by the addi- 
tion of alcohol, and is not colored blue by iodine test solution. It is 
often adulterated with worthless gums. 

It is demulcent. Official in the mucilage. 



113 

LECTURE NO. 15. 

MUCILAGO TRAGACANTH^E (Mucilage of Tragacanth). 

Prepared by boiling- together a mixture of glycerin and water, adding 
tragacanth. macerating twenty-four hours, adding sufficient quantity of 
water and straining. 

When kept it is liable to undergo decomposition, and become offen- 
sive, and the addition of a little carbolic acid will prevent this change. 

Used chiefly in making pills and troches. 

ULMUS ,E\m) Slippery Elm. 

The inner bark of Ulmus fulva (nat. ord. Urticacea i). 

Grows in the United States, and contains mucilaginous matter in large 
quantities. 

Its mucilage is precipitated by solutions of lead acetate and subace- 
tate. but not by alcohol. Ground elm is usually adulterated with sub- 
stances containing starch. Pure elm should contain no starch. 

It is demulcent. Official in the mucilage. 

MUCILAGO ULMI (Mucilage of Elm). 

Prepared by digesting elm with water on a water bath for one hour, 
and straining. 

It should be prepared fresh when wanted for use. 

Fixed Oils and Fats. 

AMYGDALA DULCTS (Sweet Almond). 

The seed of Primus Amygdalus, variety, dulcis (nat. ord. Rosacea^). 

Grows in Persia, Barbary and Syria, and contains fixed oil, albumen, 
uncrystallizable sugar, gum, etc. 

Used as a nutrient and demulcent. Official in the syrup and emul- 
sion. 

EMULSUM AMYGDALA (Emulsion of Almond) Almond Mix- 
ture. Milk of Almond. 

Prepared by blanching sweet almonds, adding sugar and powdered 
acacia, beating together and adding water. 

The acacia is used to assist in the suspension of the insoluble ingre- 
dients of the almonds. The emulsion is not permanent. 

[ —jd mostly as a vehicle. Dose : 2 to 8 ounces (60 C.c. to 236 C.C.). 

SYRUPUS AMYGDALAE fSyrup of Almond) Syrup of Orgeat. 

Prepared by rubbing bitter and sweet almonds,"previously'J:>lanched 
in a mortar, with sugar and water to a smooth paste, adding orange 
flower water, expressing and straining, repeating, dissolving sugar in the 
strained liquid, and adding syrup. It should be kept in well-stoppered, 
well-filled bottles, in a dark place. 

L sed as a demulcent and nutritive, and may be used as an agreeable 
vehicle for strong remedies. 
15 



114 

OLEUM AMYGDAL/E EXPRESSUM (Expressed Oil of Almonds). 

A fixed oil obtained from Bitter or Sweet Almond by expression. 

Slightly soluble in alcohol ; soluble in ether and chloroform. Often 
adulterated with poppy oil or other drying oils of less value. Used for 
the same purpose as olive oil. Official in ointment of rose water and 
phosphorated oil. Dose : t fluid drachm to i fluid ounce (3.75 to 30 C.c). 

UNGUENTUM AQU.E ROS/E (Ointment of Rose Water) Cold 
Cream. 

Contains spermaceti, white wax, expressed oil of almond, stronger 
rose water, and borax to whiten it. 

It is a useful application for chapped hands, and is liable to become 
rancid when kept long, and the water will separate by exposure. 

ADEPS (Lard) Prepared Lard, Prepared Hogs' Lard. 

The prepared internal fat of the abdomen of the hog (Sus Scrofa, 
class, Mammalia). 

Purified by washing with water, melting and straining. It is liable to 
contain common salt, which renders it unfit for pharmaceutical purposes. 
This may be detected by boiling the lard with water, and adding a little 
test solution of silver nitrate, which precipitates silver chloride if salt be 
present. Lard is often adulterated with water, cotton-seed oil, etc. 

Pure lard remains perfectly white on standing, while if adulterated 
with cotton-seed oil it assumes a more or less olive brown color, accord- 
ing to the amount of adulterant used, 1 °/ causing a perceptible change. 

Insoluble in water, but slightly soluble in alcohol. Soluble in ether, 
benzin, carbon disulphide, and chloroform. When melted it readily 
unites with wax and resin. It consists of olein, palmitin and stearin. 
Exposed to the air it absorbs oxygen and becomes rancid, which may 
be prevented by the addition of benzoin. 

It is emollient, and is also used in the preparation of ointments and 
cerates. 

ADEPS BENZOINATUS (Benzoinated Lard). 

Prepared by melting lard and suspending benzoin in it, enclosed in a 
muslin bag, heating for two hours and straining. It is preferable to lard 
in that it will keep without becoming rancid. 

ADEPS LANyE HYDROSUS (Hydrous Wool Fat) Lanoline. 

The purified fat of the wool of sheep (Ovis Aries, class, Mammalia). 

Sheep's wool contains on an average 45% of its own weight of fat. 
It is a mixture of ethers of cholesterin, with the several fatty acids con- 
tained in ordinary fats. Insoluble in water, but mixes with twice its 
weight of it. Sparingly soluble in alcohol, but soluble in ether and 
chloroform. 

Used as a base for ointments, for the reason that it is more readily 
absorbed than lard. 



115 

OLEUM GOSSYPII SEMINIS (Cotton-Seed Oil). 

A fixed oil expressed from the seed of Gossypium herbaceum and 
other species of Gossypium (nat. ord. Malvaceae >. 

Usually decolorized by filtering through animal charcoal. Sparingly 
soluble in alcohol, but soluble in ether,chloroform,and carbon disulphide. 
Used extensively as an adulterant of other oils, and as a substitute for 
olive and almond oil. 

LINUM (LIXSEED) Flaxseed. 
The seed of Linum usitatissimum (nat. ord. Linese). 
Grows in the United States and almost all over the world, and con- 
tains fixed oil, wax, resin, extractive, tannin, gum, etc. 

The ground seeds are called linseed meal, which is used in making 
emollient poultices, and is sometimes adulterated with corn meal, or 
other meals, containing starch, but these may be easily detected by the 
iodine test. 

Linseed is demulcent and emollient. 
OLEUM LIXI (^Linseed Oil). 

A fixed oil expressed from linseed without the use of heat. 
When exposed to the air it gradually thickens, and acquires a strong 
odor and taste, and if spread on a glass plate in a thin layer, and allowed 
to stand in a warm place, it is gradually converted into a hard, trans- 
parent, resin-like mass. It is sometimes adulterated with cheap or crude 
cod liver oil. Soluble in ether, chloroform, carbon disulphide and benzin. 
Official in lime liniment and soft soap. Dose : i fluid ounce (30 C.c). 
SAPO MOLLIS (Soft Soap) Green Soap. 

Prepared by adding potassa previously dissolved in water to linseed 
oil adding alcohol, and heating. Soluble in hot water and hot alcohol. 
As made in this country it is a soft, unctuous mass, of a yellowish brown 
or brownish yellow color. The German green soap is prepared by sapon- 
ifying linseed, rape seed, or other vegetable oils with various other ref- 
use oils, usually including fish oils, an excess of potash, and soda. 

The color of this soap is green, probably due to the chlorophyll in the 
impure vegetable oils used. 

Green soap is used in diseases of the skin, and is official in the liniment. 
LINIMENTUM SAPOXIS MOLLIS (Liniment of Soft Soap >. 
Prepared by mixing oil of lavender flowers with alcohol, dissolving- 
soft soap in this, filtering and adding water. 

This preparation is the Tincture of Green Soap of the L T . S. P. 1880, 
and is always used externally. 

OLEUM MORRHU.E (Cod Liver Oil). 

A fixed oil expressed from the fresh livers of Gadus Morrhua or other 
species of Gadus (class, Pisces.). 

It contains about 70'/, of olein and 25',' of palmitin with some 
stearin, gaduin and gadic acid. 



116 

Often adulterated with other fixed oils. Strong nitric acid when 
agitated with cod liver oil, immediately causes a pinkish or rose-red 
color, which soon becomes brown ; while no such an effect is produced 
on other animal or vegetable oils. It is scarcely soluble in alcohol, but 
soluble in ether, chloroform and carbon disulphide. 

Used principally in rheumatic diseases and phthisis. Dose : i table- 
spoonful (14.7 C.c.) 

OLEUM OLIV^: (Olive Oil) Sweet Oil. 

A fixed oil expressed from the ripe fruit of the Olea Europae (nat. ord. 
Oleaceae). 

Grows in Spain, South of France and Italy, and contains about 72% 
of olein and about 28% of palmitin. It is largely adulterated with and 
substituted by cotton-seed oil. Soluble in chloroform, carbon disul- 
phide and ether, but is only partially soluble in alcohol. 

It is solidified by nitrous acid and mercuric nitrate, and is converted 
into a peculiar fatty substance called Elaidin. When exposed to the air, 
olive oil is apt to become rancid, and acquire a disagreeable smell, a 
sharp taste and a thicker consistence. 

Official in lead plaster and castile soap. 

It is nutritious and mildly laxative. Dose : 1 to 2 fluid ounces (30 
to 60 C.c). 

SAPO (Soap) Castile Soap, Hard Soap, White Castile Soap. 

Prepared by boiling together olive oil and solution of soda. Fats 
and fixed oils contain one liquid principle, Olein (Glyceryl Oleate) and 
two solid principles, Palmitin (Glyceryl Palmitate) and Stearin (Gly- 
ceryl Stearate) : when these are decomposed by salifiable bases, the 
three corresponding acids, Oleic, Palmitic, and Stearic, are formed, 
which unite with the bases to form the soap, therefore soaps are mix- 
tures of oleates, palmitates and stearates of the various bases. 

When olein, palmitin and stearin are decomposed in the above named 
manner into the acids, the glyceryl being freed, unites with the elements 
of water to form glycerin (C 3 H 5 , glyceryl ; C 3 H 5 (OH) 3 glycerin) which is 
a by-product in the manfacture of soaps. Soaps are divided into two 
classes, soluble and insoluble. The soluble soaps are combinations of 
the fatty acids with soda, potassa or ammonia; the insoluble soaps con- 
sist of the same fatty acids united with earths and metallic oxides. The 
term " soap " is applied to the soluble soaps. The more palmitin and 
stearin they contain the darker they are, hence sodium stearate is the 
hardest soap and the least soluble, while potassium oleate is the softest 
and most soluble. Soap is soluble in water and more so in alcohol and 
hot water. It is sometimes adulterated with lime, silica, gypsum, heavy 
spar, pipe clay, and sodium sulphate, these substances being detected by 
not dissolving in alcohol. Soap contains about 21% of water. 



117 

It is laxative and antacid. Official in the liniment and plaster. In 
pharmacy it is sometimes used to give consistence to pills, care being 
taken not to unite with any substance which may be decomposed by it. 

In case of poisoning it is employed as a counter poison for the min- 
eral acids. Dose : 5 to 30 grains (.33 to 1.95 gm.). 

LINIMENTUM SAPONIS (Soap Liniment) Camphorated Tincture 
of Soap, Liquid Opodeldoc. 

Contains soap, camphor, oil rosemary, alcohol and water. 

The soap should be in the form of a fine powder on account of the 
water it contains not varying to any great extent. 

EMPLASTUM SAPONIS (Soap Plaster). 

Contains soap in fine powder, lead plaster and water. 

It is discutient. 

OLEUM RICINI (Castor Oil). 

A fixed oil expressed from the seed of Ricinus communis (nat. ord. 
Euphorbiaceae). 

Grows in East Indies, North Africa, West Indies, and is cultivated in 
various parts of the world. It contains Ricinolein, palmitin, stearin and 
myristin. When exposed to the air it thickens, without becoming opaque. 
Soluble in all proportions in cold absolute alcohol (different from other 
fixed oils), also in an equal weight of alcohol, and in ether. The seeds 
contain besides fixed oil, gum, starch and albumen. 

It is a mild and speedy cathartic. Dose : J fluid ounce (15 C.c). 

OLEUM SESAMI (Oil of Sesamum) Benne Oil, Teel Oil. 

A fixed oil expressed from the seed of Sesamum Indicum (nat. ord. 
Pedaliaces). 

It grows in the East Indies and United States, and contains about 
76',' of olein, with palmitin, stearin, and myristin. 

In large doses it is laxative. 

OLEUM THEOBROMATIS (Oil of Theobroma) Cacao Butter. 

A fixed oil expressed from the seed (or chocolate nut) of Theobroma 
Cacao (nat. ord. Sterculiaceae). 

It grows in Mexico, West Indies and South America, and contains 
stearin, palmitin and olein, with the glycerides probably of arachic and 
lauric acid. Soluble in ether and chloroform. 

Used principally in making suppositories, on account of its low fusing 
point, and power of not becoming rancid. 

OLEUM TIGLII (Croton Oil;. 

A fixed oil expressed from the seed of Croton Tiglium (nat. ord. 
Euphorbiaceaj). 

It grows in Hindoostan, Ceylon, the Moluccas, and other parts of 
India, and contains the glycerides of stearic, palmitic, myristic, lauric 
and oleic acid ; there are also present in the form of glycerin ethers, the 
more volatile acids as formic, acetic, isobutyric, and isovalerianic. 



118 

When fresh it is soluble in about 60 parts of alcohol and the solubility 
increases with age. Soluble in ether, chloroform, carbon disulphide, 
fixed and volatile oils. 

It is often adulterated with other volatile oils. 

It is a powerful drastic purgative. Dose : 1 to 2 drops (.06 to .12 C.c). 

SEVUM (Suet) Prepared Suet, Mutton Suet. 

The internal fat of the abdomen of the sheep, Ovis Aries (class. Mam- 
malia), purified by melting and straning. 

Insoluble in alcohol and water. Soluble in ether and benzin. Some- 
times used in conjunction with lard as a base for ointments. 
Volatile Oils. 

Volatile oils are divided into four classes namely : 

1 — Terpenes, which are hydrocarbons, consisting of carbon and hydro- 
gen, and usually have the formula C U) H 1(; . 

2 — Oxygenated Oils, which are hydrocarbons containing oxygen. 

3 — Sulphurated Oils, which contain sulphur. 

4 — Nitrogenated Oils, which contain hydrocyanic acid : otherwise 
nitrogen is never contained in a volatile oil. 

Volatile oils should be kept in well-stoppered bottles, in a cool place, 
away from the light. 

ABSINTHIUM (Wormwood). 

The leaves and tops of Artemisia Absinthium (nat. ord. Composite), 
growing in Eurpoe, and cultivated in New England. It contains vola- 
tile oil, (consisting of a terpene and absinthinol), a little nitrogenous 
matter, a bitter resinous substance, chlorophyll, albumen, starch, saline 
matters and lignin. 

The old Salt of Wormwood (sal absinthii) was impure potassium car- 
bonate, made from the ashes of the plant. 

It is a stomachic tonic. Dose : 1 to 2 scruples (1.3 to 2.6 gm.). 

ALLIUM (Garlic). 

The bulb of Allium sativum (nat. ord. Liliaceae), growing in Italy, 
Sicily, and the South of France. 

It contains Volatile Oil (consisting of allyl sulphide (C 3 H 5 ) 2 S), mucil- 
age, albumen, fibrous matter and water. Water, alcohol, and vinegar 
extract the virtues of garlic. 

It is a stimulant and condiment. Dose : J to 2 drms. (1.95 to 7.8 gm.). 

Official in the syrup. 

SYRUPUS ALLII (Syrup of Garlic). 

Prepared by macerating garlic with diluted acetic acid, expressing, 
macerating the residue with more dilute acetic acid, again expressing, 
mixing the liquids, filtering, adding sugar and shaking until dissolved, 
and making up to the required quantity with dilute acetic acid. 

Dose : 1 teaspoonful (3.75 C.c). 



119 

OLEUM AMYGDALJE AMAR^E (Oil of Bitter Almond). 

A volate oil obtained from bitter almond by maceration with water 
and subsequent distillation, and should be kept in small, well stoppered 
bottles, away from the light. 

It is heavier than water. Soluble in alcohol and ether, and is partially 
soluble in water. When fresh it is neutral to litmus, but when kept for 
some time assumes an acid reaction, due to the formation of benzoic acid. 

It contains hydrocyanic acid, a small quantity of benzoic acid, and a 
concrete principle called benzoin, C^H^O-i- The oil on standing, de- 
posits benzoic acid, which does not pre-exist in it, but results from the 
absorption of oxygen. 

Official in the water and spirit. 

Its action is the same as dilute hydrocyanic acid. Dose : J to i drop, 
(0.016 to 0.06 C.c.). 

ARTIFICIAL OIL OF BITTER ALMOND (Oil of Mil bane) Nitro- 
benzol, Nitro-benzene, C, ; H 5 N0 2 is prepared by acting on benzol (ben- 
zene ) with fuming nitric acid. 

It is used considerably in confectionery, soaps, etc. The true oil has a 
peculiar odor which the artificial oil does not have. The specific gravity 
of the true oil is 1.069 to I -°7°» ar >d boiling point i8o°C (356^), while 
that of the artificial oil is 1.86, and boiling point 2i3°C (415^). 

The following test has been proposed by the late Prof. J. M. Maisch 
for detecting nitro-benzine in oil of bitter almond : 

Dissolve one drachm of suspected oil in 2 or 3 drachms of alcohol, 
add 15 grains of pure fused caustic potassa, heat for a few minutes so as 
to dissolve the potassa, reduce the liquid to one-third, and then set aside 
to cool. If the oil be pure, it will remain liquid, while if nitro-benzene 
be present there will, after cooling, be a crystalline deposit, propor- 
tionate to the amount of adulteration. 

AQUA AMYGDALAE AMAR^E (Bitter Almond Water). 

Prepared by dissolving 1 r j f of the oil in water by agitation. 

Dose: 1 to 2 teaspoonfuls (3.75 to 7.5 C.c). 

SPIRITUS AMYGDALA AMAR.E (Spirit of Bitter Almond). 

Contains 1 r / f of the oil dissolved in alcohol, with the addition of a 
small quantity of water. 

L'sed principally as a flavoring. 

ANISUM (Anise). 

The fruit of Pimpinella Anisum (nat. ord. Umbelliferce), growing in 
Egypt, Spain, Romagna, Italy, Russia, and the Levant. 

It contains Yolatile Oil, upon which its virtues depend, and a fixed oil. 

The Spanish fruit is smaller than the German or French, and is 
usually preferred ; the Russian is very short. 

It is aromatic and carminative. Dose: 20 to 30 grains (1.3 to 1.95 gm.). 



120 

OLEUM AMSI (Oil of Anise). 

A volatile oil distilled from Anise, which should be kept in well-stop- 
pered bottles, protected from light, and if it has separated into a liquid 
and solid portion, should be completely liquefied by warming before 
being dispensed. 

Soluble in alcohol. It absorbs oxygen from the air, and becomes less 
disposed to concrete. It should not assume a blue or brownish color on 
the addition of a drop of ferric chloride test solution (absence of some 
volatile oils containing phenols). 

It contains principally Anethol C 10 H 12 O and a terpene C 1( ,H| (i . Often 
adulterated with spermaceti, wax, or camphor ; the first two may be de- 
tected by their insolubility in alcohol, and the last by its odor. 

Official in the water, spirit, compound spirit of orange, and cam- 
phorated tincture of opium. Dose : 5 to 15 drops (0.3 to 0.9 C.c). 

AQUA ANISI (Anise Water). 

Prepared by triturating oil of anise with precipitated phosphate of 
calcium, adding water and filtering. Used as a vehicle. 

SPIRITUS ANISI (Spirit of Anise). 

A solution of the oil in deodorized alcohol, containing 10%. 

It is stomachic and carminative. Dose . 1 to 2 fluid drachms (3.75 to 
7.5 C.c). 

ANTHEMIS (Anthemis) Roman or English Chamomile. 

The flower heads of Anthemis nobilis (nat. ord. Compositas), growing 
in France, Germany, Italy, and in some parts of the United States. 

It contains Volatile Oil, upon which its virtues depend. 

It is a mild tonic. Dose : 30 to 60 grains (1.95 to 3.9 gm.). 

AURANTII AMARI CORTEX (Bitter Orange Peel). 

The rind of the fruit of Citrus vulgaris (nat. ord. Rutaceae), growing 
in Florida and the West Indies. 

It contains Volatile Oil, a crystalline acid, a non-crystalline resinous 
body, hesperidin, iso-hesperidin (a crystalline glucoside isomeric with 
hesperidin) aurantianarin (a new glucoside to which the bitterness is 
due). 

It is a mild tonic, carminative, and stomachic. Dose : J to 1 drachm 
(1.95 to 3 9 gm.). Official in the fluid extract and tincture. 

EXTRACTUM AURANTII AMARI FLUIDUM (Fluid Extract 
of Bitter Orange Peel). 

Prepared in the usual manner from bitter orange peel No. 40, using 
600 parts of alcohol, and 300 parts of water as the menstruum. 

It is tonic. Dose : 15 to 30 minims (0.9 to 1.9 C.c). 

TINCTURA AURANTII AMARI (Tincture of Bitter Orange Peel). 

Prepared by percolating bitter orange peel No. 30, with a mixture of 
600 parts of alcohol and 400 parts of water. 

Dose : 1 to 2 fluid drachms (3.7 to 7.5 C.c). 



121 

LECTURE IslO. 16. 

AURANTII DULCIS CORTEX (Sweet Orange Peel). 

The rind of the fresh fruit of Citrus Aurantium (nat. ord. Rutaceae); 

Its composition is the same as that of the bitter orange. 

It is aromatic. Official in the syrup and tincture. 

SYRUPUS AURANTII (Syrup of Orange). 

Prepared by boiling sweet orange peel with alcohol, filtering, tritura- 
ting with sugar and precipitated calcium phosphate, adding water, filter- 
ing, dissolving the remainder of the sugar in the filtrate. 

Used as a flavoring agent. 

TINCTURA AURANTII DULCIS (Tincture of Sweet Orange Peel). 

Prepared by macerating and percolating sweet orange peel, cut into 
small pieces, with alcohol. 

OLEUM AURANTII CORTICIS (Oil of Orange Peel). 

A volatile oil obtained by expressing the fresh peel from either the 
bitter or sweet orange, or by putting the scrapings into hot water, de- 
pressing the pulp beneath, and skimming off the oil as it rises, or by 
distillation. 

It contains Hesperidine (Ci H 16 ), and a resinous body. Soluble in 
alcohol, and carbon disulphide. When kept for some time it should not 
develop a terebinthinate odor and taste (absence of oil of turpentine or 
of other oils containing pinene). It is difficult to preserve. 

Official in the spirit, compound spirit, and spirit of myrcia. 

SPIRITUS AURANTII (Spirit of Orange). 

A solution of the oil in deodorized alcohol, containing 5$ of the oil. 

I'^ed for flavoring purposes. 

SPIRITUS AURANTII COMPOSITUS (Compound Spirit of 
Orange I. 

Contains oil of orange peel, oil of lemon, oil of coriander, oil of anise. 
and deodorized alcohol. 

It should be kept in completely filled, well-stoppered bottles, in a cool 
and dark place. 

Official in aromatic elixir. 

ELIXIR AROMATICUM (Aromatic Elixir). 

Prepared by adding compound spirit of orange to deodorized alcohol, 
adding syrup and distilled water, filtering through precipitated calcium 
phosphate, washing the filter with a mixture of one volume of deodor- 
ized alcohol and three volumes of distilled water to make the required 
quantity. 

Official in elixir of phosphorus. 

OLEUM AURANTII FLORUM (Oil of Orange Flowers) Oil of 
X'eroli. 
16 



122 

A volatile oil distilled from the fresh flowers of the bitter orange, and 
should be kept in well-stoppered bottles, in a cool place, away from the 
light, and contains a fragrant hydrocarbon C 10 H 1(i , and a crystalline solid 
neroli camphor. 

Used principally in cologne water, perfumes, etc. 

AQUA AURANTII FLORUM FORTIOR (Stronger Orange Flower 
Water). 

Water saturated with the oil of fresh orange flowers, obtained as a by- 
product in the distillation of oil of orange, and should be kept in loosely- 
stoppered bottles, in a dark place. 

Used in making orange flower water. 

AQUA AURANTII FLORUM (Orange Flower Water). 

Prepared by mixing together equal parts of stronger orange flower 
water and water. 

Nitric, hydrochloric or sulphuric acids color the oil in the water a 
rose tint. 

Used on account of its agreeable odor. Official in the syrup. 

It becomes red on exposure to light. 

SYRUPUS AURANTII FLORUM (Syrup of Orange Flowers). 

Prepared by dissolving sugar in orange flower water, without the aid 
of heat. 

Used principally for flavoring. 

Dose: i fluid drachm (3.75 C.c). 

OLEUM BERGAMOTT^E (Oil of Bergamot). 

A volatile oil obtained by expression from the rind of the fresh fruit 
of Citrus Bergamia (nat. ord. Rutaceae). 

It should be kept in well-stoppered bottles, in a cool place, away from 
the light. 

It contains several hydrocarbons of the formula C 10 H ir; , a solid, greasy 
portion called bergaptene, or bergamot camphor, and linalool acetate 
C 10 H 17 , which is decomposed by steam distillation. Soluble in alcohol 
and glaciale acetic acid. 

Distinguished from oils of orange and lemon by being soluble in solu- 
tion of potassa and forming with it a clear liquid. 

Used principally as a perfume. 

OLEUM BETULyE VOLATILE (Volatile Oil of Birch). 

A volatile oil obtained by distillation from the bark of Betula lenta 
(nat. ord. Betulaceae). 

It is identical with methyl salicylate, and nearly identical with oil of 
wintergreen, and should be kept in well-stoppered bottles, away from the 
light. It consists entirely of methyl salicylate. 

It has the same properties as oil of wintergreen. Dose : 5 to 30 
minims (0.3 to 1.8 C.c). 



123 

BUCHU (Buchu). 

The leaves of Barosma betulina, and Barosma crenulata (nat. ord. 
Rutacea?\ growing in Europe. 

It contains Volatile Oil (consisting of eleopten, and a crystalline 
stearopten, diosphenol C u H 2: ,0;.). The leaves of Barosma crenata are 
called short buchu and those of Barosma serratifolia the long buchu. 
Buchu is distinguished from uva ursi by its leaves having a serrated 
margin, while those of uva ursi are entire. 

According to the late Prof. Bedford the short buchu was found to 
yield an average of 1.21^' of volatile oil, while the long buchu gave only 
.66%, showing it to be inferior in strength. Official in the fluid extract. 

Used as a stimulant diuretic. 

EXTRACTUM BUCHU FLUIDUM (Fluid Extract of Buchu). 

Prepared from buchu No. 60, by the usual process, using alcohol as 
the menstruum. 

On long keeping it acquires the odor of mint, showing that a change 
takes place in its volatile oil. 

Dose : 30 to 60 minims (1.90 to 3.8 C.c). 

OLEUM CAJUPUTI (Oil of Cajuput). 

A volatile oil distilled from the leaves of Melaleuca Leucadendron 
(nat. ord. Myrtaceae), growing in India, Phillipines, and Australia. 

It consists principally of Cajuputene, and is very volatile and inflam- 
mable, burning without any residue. Soluble in alcohol. 

It is naturally green, but as found in commerce, sometimes contains 
copper, either accidentally present or added with a view of imitating the 
color of the oil. Sometimes adulterated with oil of turpentine, or oil 
of rosemary. 

It is highly stimulant. Dose: 5 to 20 drops (0.3 to 1.25 C.c). 

CALAMUS (Calamus) Sweet Flag. 

The rhizome of Acorus Calamus (nat. ord. Atoideae), growing in 
Europe, Asia and the L'nited States. The root is sometimes attacked by 
worms, and deteriorates with keeping. 

It contains Volatile Oil (containing a terpene Ci l( H 1); ), soft resin, ex- 
tractive, gum, starch, lignin and water. 

Official in the fluid extract. It is a feeble aromatic. Dose : 20 to 60 
grains ( 1.3 to 3.9 gm.). 

EXTRACTUM CALAMI FLUIDUM (Fluid Extract of Calamus). 

Prepared from calamus No. 60 in the usual way, using alcohol as the 
menstruum. 

Dose : 5 to 15 minims (0.3 to 0.9 C.c.). 

CARDAMOMUM (Cardamom). 

The fruit of Elettaria repens (nat. ord. Scitamineae), growing in Malabar. 

It contains Volatile Oil (consisting of a terpene C 1( ,H,, ; , with a small 
quantity of formic and acetic acids), fixed oil, a salt of potassium mixed 



124 

with coloring matter, starch, mucilage, etc. Sometimes adulterated with 
orange seeds, and unroasted grains of coffee. 

Official in aromatic powder, tincture, compound tincture, compound 
tincture of gentian, sweet tincture of rhubarb, compound extract of 
colocynth. It is aromatic. 

TINCTURA CARDAMOMI (Tincture of Cardamom). 

Prepared by macerating and percolating cardamom No. 30, with 
dilute alcohol. 

Dose : 1 fluid drachm (3.7 C.c). 

TINCTURA CARDAMOMI COMPOSITA (Compound Tincture 
of Cardamom). 

Contains cardamom, cassia cinnamon, caraway, cochineal, glycerin, 
and dilute alcohol. 

Dose : 1 to 2 fluid drachms (3.7 to 7.5 C.c). 

CARUM (Caraway). 

The fruit of Carum Carvi (nat. ord. Umbelliferae), growing in Europe 
and cultivated in this country. 

It contains Volatile Oil, upon which its virtues depend. 

Official in compound tincture of cardamom. 

It is stomachic and carminative. Dose 20 to 60 grains (1.3 to 3.9 gm.). 

OLEUM CARI (Oil of Caraway). 

A volatile oil distilled from Caraway and contains Carvene C 10 H 10 , and 
Carvol C 10 H I4 O. 

It becomes brownish with age. Soluble in alcohol. 

Used principally as a flavoring agent. Official in compound spirit of 
juniper. Dose : 1 to 10 drops (0.06 to 0.6 C.c). 

CARYOPHYLLUS (Clove). 

The unexpanded flowers of Eugenia aromatica (nat. ord. Myrtaceae), 
growing in the Molucca Islands, and contains Volatile Oil, a peculiar 
tannin, gum, resin, vegetable fibre and water. 

Official in compound tincture of lavender, aromatic tincture of rhubarb 
and wine of opium. 

It is a stimulant aromatic. Dose : 5 to 10 grains (0.33 to 0.65 gm.). 

OLEUM CARYOPHYLLI (Oil of Clove). 

A volatile oil distilled from Clove, and contains two distinct oils, one 
lighter than water and the other heavier. The heavy oil contains 
Eugenol Ci„H 1; ,0 2 and Caryophyllin (a stearopten) and the light oil has 
the formula d.-H^. 

It becomes yellowish by exposure, and then reddish brown, and when 
long kept deposits a crystalline stearopten. 

Soluble in alcohol, ether and strong acetic acid. Frequently adulter- 
ated with fixed oils, and sometimes with the oils of pimenta and copaiba. 

Its properties are those of the clove. Dose: 2 to 6 drops (0.12 to 
0.36 C.c). 



125 

CHENOPODIUM (Chenopodium) American Wormseed. 

The fruit of Chenopodium ambrosioides (nat. orcl. Chenopodiaceae) 
growing in the United States and contains Volatile Oil upon which its 
virtues depend. 

It is anthelmintic. Dose : i to 2 scruples (1.3 to 2.6 gm.). 

OLEUM CHENOPODII (Oil of Chenopodium). 

A volatile oil distilled from Chenopodium, and contains two distinct 
oils, one having the formula C, (l H lt; and the other the formula C^H^O. 

It becomes a deeper yellow and brownish with age. Soluble in alcohol. 

It is anthelmintic. Dose : 4 to 8 drops (0.24 to 0.5 C.c). 

CINNAMOMUM CASSIA (Cassia Cinnamon) Cassia, Cassia Bark. 

The bark of the shoots of one or more undetermined species of Cin- 
namon grown in China, (nat. ord. Laurineae). 

It contains Volatile Oil, tannin, mucilage, coloring matter, an acid, 
and lignin. It is a redder and darker color than the Ceylon, thicker, 
denser and breaks with a short fracture. 

Official in compound tincture of cardamom, compound tincture of cate- 
chu, compound tincture of lavender, wine of opium, aromatic tincture 
of rhubarb. 

It is aromatic. Dose : 10 to 30 grains (0.65 to 1.3 gm.). 

CINNAMOMUM SAIGONICUM (Saigon Cinnamon). 

The bark of the undetermined species Cinnamon (nat. ord. Laurineae) 
and takes its name from Saigon, the capital of French Cochin China. 

It yields a sweeter and less pungent oil than the cassia. 

Its properties are the same as those of the other varieties. 

CINNAMOMUM ZEYLANICUM (Ceylon Cinnamon), Cinnamon 
bark. 

The inner bark of the shoots of Cinnamomum Zeylanicum (nat ord. 
Laurineae). 

It is the finest variety, and its virtues depends on a Volatile Oil. 

Official in aromatic powder and the tincture. Its properties are the 
same as those of cassia. 

TINCTURA CINNAMOMI (Tincture of Cinnamon). 

Prepared by macerating and percolating Ceylon Cinnamon. No. 40, 
with a mixture of glycerin, alcohol and water. 

By long keeping it is liable to gelatinize. Dose : 1 to 3 or 4 fluid 
drachms (3.7 to 11.25 or J 5 C- c -)- 

PULVIS AROMATICUS (Aromatic Powder), Compound Powder of 
Cinnamon. 

Contains Ceylon cinnamon, ginger, nutmeg and cardamom deprived 
of their capsules, and crushed. 

( official in fluid extract. 

It is stimulant and carminative. Dose : 10 to t,o grains (0.65 to 1.95 
gm.). 



126 

EXTRACTUM AROMATICUM FLUIDUM (Aromatic Fluid Ex- 
tract), Fluid Extract of Aromatic Powder. 

Prepared from aromatic powder, by the usual process, using alcohol 
as the menstruum. 

Dose : 10 to 20 minims (0.6 to 1.25 C.c). 

OLEUM CINNAMOMI (Oil of Cinnamon), Oil of Cassia. 

A volatile oil, distilled from Cassia cinnamon, and should be kept in 
well-stoppered bottles, in a cool place away from the light. 

It consists of cinnamic aldehyde C,H s O, which by moderate, oxida- 
tion yields Cinnamic acid, C 9 H 8 2 , and by more energetic oxidation 
yields benzoic acid, C r H 6 2 . Oil of cinnamon is frequently adulterated 
with oil of clove, which can be detected by the smell or taste, and by the 
following test : 

If the oil be shaken with water and passed through a wetted filter, 
the clear filtrate should give, with a few drops of basic lead acetate 
solution, a white turbidity without a yellow color (absence of oil of clove). 

If some of the oil be dissolved in alcohol, the subsequent addition of 
a drop of ferric chloride test solution should produce a brown, but not 
a green or blue color (absence of oil of clove or carbolic acid). 

The oil is soluble in alcohol, and becomes darker and thicker by age 
and exposure to the air. 

It is cordial and carminative. Dose : 1 to 3 drops (0.06 to 0.18 C.c). 
Official in the water and spirit. 

There is a volatile oil of Ceylon cinnamon in the market, which, when 
fresh, is of a light yellow color, becoming deeper by age, and finally red. 

AQUA CINNAMOMI (Cinnamon Water). 

Prepared by triturating oil of cinnamon with precipitated calcium 
phosphate, adding water and filtering. On standing it is apt to 
precipitate, owing to gradual oxidation and formation of Cinnamic Acid 
which is insoluble in water. 

SPIRITUS CINNAMOMI (Spirit of Cinnamon). 

A solution of the oil in alcohol and contains 10%. 

Used as an agreeable aromatic cordial. Dose : 10 to 20 drops (0.6 
to 1.25 C.c). 

CORIANDRUM (Coriander). 

The fruit of Coriandrum sativum (nat. ord. Umbelliferae) growing in 
Europe. It contains a Volatile Oil upon which its aromatic smell and 
taste depend. 

Official in confection of senna. 

Used as a feeble aromatic. Dose : 20 to 60 grains (1.3 to 3.9 gm.). 

OLEUM CORIANDRI (Oil of Coriander). 

A volatile oil distilled from coriander, consisting chiefly of Coriandrol, 
C 10 H, s O, which by the removal of a molecule of water, becomes a ter- 
pene. 



127 

Soluble in alcohol. Often adulterated with rectified oil of orange. 
which may be detected by its insolubility in 90 ' \\ alcohol. Official in 
compound spirit of orange and confection of senna. 

It possesses the medical properties of the fruit. 

CUBEBA tCubeb). 

The unripe fruit of Piper Cubeba mat. ord. Piperacean growing in 
Java and other parts of the East Indies. 

It contains Volatile Oil, upon which its properties depend, and Cu- 
bebin. 

The fruit gradually deteriorates by age. and in powder becomes rap- 
idly weaker, in consequence of its loss of volatile oil. and on this ac- 
count should be kept whole and powdered when dispensed. 

Official in the fluid extract, oleoresin and tincture. 

It is stimulant. Dose: 1 to 3 drachms 13.9 to 11.65 Z m - • 

EXTRACTUM CUBEB.E FLUIDUM (Fluid Extract of Cubeb). 

Prepared from cubeb Xo. 60, by the usual process, using alcohol as 
the menstruum. 

Dose : 10 to 40 minims t'0.6 to 2.5 C.c. ). 

OLEORESIXA CUBEBA .Oleoresin of Cubeb). 

Prepared by percolating cubeb Xo. 30 with ether, and evaporating off 
the ether. 

It should be kept in well-stoppered bottles, and consists principally of 
volatile oil and resin, a small portion of cubebin, and waxy matter of 
cubeb. It deposits, on standing for some time, a waxy and crystalline 
matter, which should be rejected, only the liquid portion being used. 

Official in the troche. Dose : 5 to 30 minims 10.3 to 1.9 C.c. >. 

TROCHISCT CUBEBA (Troches of Cubeb). 

Contain oleoresin of cubeb. oil of sassafras, extract of licorice, acacia 
and syrup. 

TINCTURA CUBEB.E Tincture of Cubeb.. 

Prepared by macerating and percolating cubeb Xo. 30 with alcohol. 

Dose: 1 to 2 fluid drachms (3.7 to 7.5 C.c.'. 

( >LEUM ( TBEB.E (Oil of Cubeb). 

A volatile oil distilled from cubeb, containing a small amount of hy- 
drocarbon Ci.rH.,;. two oils of the formula Q-H^ and a stearopten or 
cubeb camphor. 

When exposed to the air it thickens without losing its odor. Soluble 
in an equal weight of alcohol. Often used in place of the powder. 
Qose : 10 to 12 drops 10.6 to 0.72 C.c... 

OLEUM ERIGERONTIS (Oil of Erigeron) Oil of Fleabane. 

A volatile oil distilled from the fresh flowering herb of Erigeron Cana- 
dense (nat. ord. Composite), and probably consists of two distinct oils. 

By exposure it becomes darker and thicker. Soluble in alcohol. 
Used in diarrhoea and dysentery. Dose : 10 to 30 minims (0.6 to 1.8 C 



128 

EUCALYPTUS (Eucalyptus). 

The leaves of Eucalyptus globulus (nat. ord. Myrtaceae), growing in 
Europe and the United States, and collected from the older parts of the 
tree. 

It contains a Volatile Oil, chlorophyll, resin, tannin and inert sub- 
stances. 

Official in the fluid extract. 

It is astringent and narcotic. 

EXTRACTUM EUCALYPTI FLUIDUM (Fluid Extract of Euca- 
lyptus). 

Prepared from Eucalyptus No. 40, in the usual manner, using a mix- 
ture of 3 parts of alcohol and 1 part of water as the menstruum. 

Dose : 5 to 10 minims (0.3 to 0.6 C.c). 

OLEUM EUCALYPTI (Oil of Eucalyptus). 

A volatile oil distilled from the fresh leaves of eucalyptus, and con- 
tains Cymene C 10 H U , eucalyptene C 10 H lt ?, a small quantity of a terpene 
CmH,,; and Eucalyptol C l( ,H 18 0, upon which its value depends. 

Soluble in alcohol, carbon disulphide and glaciale acetic acid. 

Dose : 10 to 15 minims (0.6 to 0.9 C.c). 

EUCALYPTOL (Eucalyptol) C 1() H ]s O. 

A neutral body obtained from fhe volatile oil of eucalyptus, and should 
be kept in well-stoppered bottles, in a cool place, protected from the light. 

Soluble in alcohol, carbon disulphide and glaciale acetic acid. It is a 
stimulant expectorant. Dose: 5 to 10 minims (0.3 to 0.6 C.c). 

FCENICULUM (Fennel). 

The fruit of Fceniculum capillaceum (nat. ord. Umbelliferai), growing 
in Asia and Europe. 

It contains a volatile and a fixed oil. 

It is aromatic 

OLEUM FCENICULI (Oil of Fennel). 

A volatile oil distilled from fennel, and contains Anethol C 10 H 12 O and 
a hydrocarbon, C 10 H 1(; . 

It should be kept in well-stoppered bottles, in a cool place, and if it 
be partially or wholly solidified, should be completely liquefied by warm- 
ing before being dispensed. Soluble in alcohol and glaciale acetic acid. 

It is not colored by the addition of ferric chloride test solution (ab- 
sence of foreign oils containing phenols and carbolic acid). 

Official in the water, compound licorice powder and compound spirit 
juniper. Dose: 5 to 15 drops (0.3 to 0.9 C.c). 

AQUA FCENICULI (Fennel Water). 

Prepared by triturating oil of fennel with precipitated calcium phos- 
phate, mixing with water, and filtering. 

Used principally as a vehicle for other medicines. 



129 



LECTURE NO. 17. 



OLEUM GAULTHERL-E <^Oil of Gaultheria) Oil of Wintergreen. 

Oil of Teaberry, Oil of Partridge-berry. A volatile oil distilled from 
the leaves of Gaultheria procumbens (nat. ord. Ericaceae). 

It consists entirely of methyl salicylate, and is nearly identical with 
volatile oil of birch. 169 grains of the oil contain 152 grains of -methyl 
salicylate, and are equivalent to 138 grains of salicylic acid. It gives a 
purple color in aqueous solution, with ferric salts. 

It is the heaviest volatile oil, having a specific gravity of 1. 175 to 1.185 
at 1 5 "C !59°F). Soluble in alcohol. 

Largely adulterated with chloroform. It should be colorless, but as 
found in commerce is often of a reddish color. 

Official in the spirit. It is used for flavoring purposes, and as a sub- 
stitute for salicylic acid. 

Dose : 10 to 30 minims (0.6 to 1.8 C.c). 

SPIRITUS GAULTHERI.-E (Spirit of Gaultheria). 

A solution of the oil in alcohol, containing 5%. 

Used principally as a flavoring agent. Dose : 10 to 20 minims (0.6 to 
1.20 C.c). 

HEDEOMA (Pennyroyal). 

The leaves and tops of Hedeoma pulegioides (nat. ord. Labiatas), 
growing in all parts of the United States. 

It contains a Volatile Oil upon which its virtues depend. 

It is a stimulant aromatic. 

OLEUM HEDEOM.E (Oil of Pennyroyal). 

A volatile oil distilled from pennyroyal, and should be kept in well- 
stoppered bottles, in a cool place, away from the light. 

It contains a body having the composition C 10 H ]s O, (hedeomol) one 
having the composition C]„H lr O, and one having the composition C (1 H ,.,(), 
formic and acetic acids. 

Soluble in alcohol, carbon disulphide, and glaciale acetic acid. L^sed 
in flatulent colic and sick stomach. Dose : 2 to 10 drops (0.22 to 0.6 C.c). 

ILLICIUM (Star Anise). 

The fruit of Illicium verum (nat. ord. MagnoliaceaO growing in China. 

It contains Volatile Oil, (consisting of Anethol C^H^O and a number 
of terpens 

Used principally as a source of the oil which is substituted for the oil 
of anise. 

OLEUM JUNIPERI (Oil of Juniper). 

A volatile oil distilled from the fruit of Juniperus communis (nat. ord. 
ConifV 

It consists of two hydrocarbons, principally pinene, C^H^. Soluble 
17 



130 

in alcohol and carbon disnlphide. Sometimes adulterated with oil of 
turpentine, which may be detected by the low specific gravity of the 
mixture. 

Holland Gin owes its peculiar flavor and diuretic power to the oil of 
Juniper. 

It is stimulant, diuretic and carminative. Official in the spirit and 
compound spirit. 

Dose : 5 to 15 minims (0.3 to 0.9 C.c.). 

SPIRITUS JUNIPERI (Spirit of Juniper). 

A solution of oil of juniper in alcohol, and contains 5%. 

Used principally as an addition to diuretic infusions. Dose : 30 to 60 
minims (1.9 to 3.7 C.c). 

SPIRITUS JUNIPERI COMPOSITUS (Compound Spirit of Juni-' 
per). 

Contains oil of Juniper, oil of caraway, oil of fennel, alcohol and water. 

Used for the same purposes as the spirit. Dose: 2 to 4 fluid drachms 
(7.5 to 15 C.c). 

OLEUM LAVANDULAE FLORUM (Oil of Lavender Flowers). 

A volatile oil distilled from the fresh flowers of Lavandula officinalis 
(nat. ord. Labiatae), and should be kept in well-stoppered bottles in a 
cool place, away from the light. It consists of linalool, linalool acetate, 
linalool butyrate, and a geraniol acetate. 

Soluble in alcohol in all proportions (distinction from oil of turpen- 
tine), and in three times its volume of a mixture of three volumes of alco- 
hol and one volume of water (distinction and absence of oil of turpen- 
tine). Also soluble in glaciale acetic acid, and forms a turbid mixture 
with carbon disulphide. 

Oil of Spike is obtained from the broad-leaved variety of Lavender 
growing wild in Europe (Lavandula spica), which is used by artists in 
varnishes. 

Official in the spirit, compound tincture and aromatic spirit of ammo- 
nia. 

SPIRITUS LAVANDULAE (Spirit of Lavender). 

Prepared by dissolving the oil in deodorized alcohol, and contains 

Used chiefly as a perfume. It is stimulant and carminative. Dose : 
30 to 60 minims (1.9 to 3.7 C.c). 

TINCTURA LAVANDULA COMPOSITA (Compound Tincture 
of Lavender), Compound Spirit of Lavender, Lavender Drops. 

Contains oil of lavender, oil of rosemary, cassia cinnamon, cloves, nut- 
meg, red saunders, alcohol and water. 

Used principally as an adjuvant and corrigent of other medicines, 
Dose : 30 to 60 drops (1.9 to 3.75 C.c). 



131 

LIMOXIS CORTEX (Lemon Peel). 

The rind of the recent fruit of Citrus Limonum (nat. ord. Rutaceae), 
obtained chiefly from the West Indies. 

It contains a Volatile Oil, and Hesperidin, a bitter principle. 

Official in the spirit. 

Used principally as a flavoring agent. 
„ OLEUM LIMOXIS (Oil of Lemon). 

A volatile oil obtained by expressing from fresh lemon peel, and 
should be kept in well-stoppered bottles, in a cool place, away from the 
light. 

It contains Limonene C|„H li; , another terpene isomeric with limonene, 
a sesquiterpene CY.LU, and about jh r /( Citrol Ci H 16 O. 

Soluble in alcohol, carbon disulphide, and glaciale acetic acid. When 
kept for some time it should not develop a terebinthinate odor or taste 
(absence of oil of turpentine, or other oils, consisting chiefly of pinene). 

Often adulterated with alcohol, oil of turpentine and fixed oils. Offi- 
cial in the spirit and compound spirit of orange. 

Used principally as a flavoring agent. 

SPIRITUS LIMOXIS (Spirit of Lemon i. 

Contains oil of lemon 5%, lemon peel, and deodorized alcohol. 
Used as a flavoring agent. 

MACIS (Mace). 

The arillode of the fruit of Myristica fragrans (nat. ord. Myristicacese) 
growing in the East Indies. It contains 7% to 9% of Volatile Oil (con- 
sisting of macene C^EU, pinene, fixed oil, gummy matter and ligneous 
fibre. 

It is aromatic. 

MATRICARIA ('Matricaria), German Chamomile. 

The flower heads of Matricaria Chamomilla (nat. ord. Compositae), 
growing in the United States and Europe. 

It contains a Volatile Oil (consisting of a terpene Ci H 16 , a colorless 
oil Ci„H,,;0, and bitter extractive. 

It is a mild tonic. 

MELISSA ..Melissa) Balm. 

The leaves-and tops of Melissa officinalis (nat. ord. Labiata- }, growing 
in the United States and Europe. 

It contains a Volatile Oil, tannin, bitter extractive and gum. 

Very rarely used. 

MENTHA PIPERITA (Peppermint). 

The leaves and tops of Mentha Piperita (nat. ord. Labiatai, growing 
in the United States and Europe. 

It contains a Volatile Oil upon which its virtues depend. 

Official in the spirit. It is an aromatic stimulant. 



132 

OLEUM MKNTH.K PIPERITA (Oil of Peppermint). 

A volatile oil distilled from peppermint, containing Menthol Ci H 19 OH 
and terpenes. 

Soluble in alcohol, carbon disulphide and glaciale acetic acid. Some- 
times adulterated with oil of erigeron, castor oil, oil of turpentine, oil of 
copaiba, alcohol, etc. 

Official in the spirit, water and troche. It is a stimulant and carmin-^ 
ative. Dose : 2 to 6 drops (0.12 to 0.36 C.c). 

SPIRITUS MENTHA PIPERITA (Spirit of Peppermint). 

Prepared by dissolving \o c / v of the oil in alcohol, adding peppermint 
leaves to color it, and filtering. 

Dose : 10 to 20 minims (0.6 to 1.25 C.c). 

TROCHISCI MENTHA PIPERITA (Troches of Peppermint). 

Contain oil of peppermint, sugar and mucilage of tragacanth. 

Used in gastric and intestinal pains. 

AQUA MENTHyE PIPERITA (Peppermint Water). 

Prepared by triturating the oil with precipitated calcium phosphate, 
adding water and filtering. 

MENTHA VIRIDIS (Spearmint). 

The leaves and tops of Mentha viridis (nat. ord. Labiatae), growing in 
the United States and Europe. 

It contains a volatile oil upon which its virtues depend. 

Official in the spirit. Its uses are the same as peppermint. 

OLEUM MENTHA VIRIDIS (Oil of Spearmint). 

A volatile oil distilled from spearmint, and contains a terpene C ]0 H 1(; , 
and a compound identical with carvol C ]0 H 14 O. 

Soluble in alcohol. Official in water and spirit. 

AQUA MENTHA VIRIDIS (Spearmint Water). 

Prepared by triturating the oil with precipitated calcium phosphate, 
adding water and filtering. 

SPIRITUS MENTHA VIRIDIS (Spirit of Spearmint). 

Prepared by dissolving 10% of the oil in alcohol, adding spearmint 
leaves to color it, adding water and filtering. 

OLEUM MYRCIA (Oil of Bay). 

A volatile oil distilled from the leaves of Myrcia Acris (nat. ord. Myr- 
tacajj, growing in the West Indies. 

It consists of two oils, one heavy and the other light, containing Euge- 
nol, pinene, dipentene, diterpene (insoluble in alcohol). With an equal 
volume of alcohol, glaciale acetic acid, or carbon disulphide it yields 
slightly turbid solutions. If, on being shaken with boiling water and 
passed through a wetted filter, the clear filtrate should produce, with a 
drop of ferrjc chloride test solution, only a transient grayish green, and 
not a blue or violet color (absence of carbolic acid). 

Official in Spiritus Myrcia. 



133 

SPIRITUS MYRCLE (Spirit of Myrcia) Bay Rum. 

Contains oil of bay, oil of orange peel, oil of pimenta, alcohol and 
water. 

Used chiefly as a refreshing perfume. 

MYRISTICA (Nutmeg). 

The seed of Myristica fragrans (nat. orcl. Myristicacese), growing in 
Sumatra, Java, and other parts of the East Indies. 

It contains a volatile oil, water, ash, fixed oil and fat, starch, crude 
fibre and albuminoids. 

Official in aromatic powder, compound tincture of lavender and vine- 
gar of opium. It is aromatic and narcotic. 

OLEUM MYRISTICA (Oil of Nutmeg). 

A volatile oil distilled from nutmeg, and contains Myristocol C U) H u O, 
and a stearopten which it deposits on standing, called Myristin. 

Soluble in alcohol, ether and glaciale acetic acid. 

Used for the same purposes as nutmeg. Dose : 2 to 3 drops (0.12 to 
0.18 C.c.). The expressed oil of nutmeg is called OIL OF MACE, OR 
NUTMEG BUTTER. 

PIMENTA (Pimenta) Allspice. Jamaica Pepper. 

The nearly ripe fruit of Pimenta officinalis (nat. ord. Myrtaceae) grow r - 
ing in Mexico, West Indies and South America. It is called Allspice 
on account of the fruit having a fragrant odor, thought to resemble that 
of a mixture of cinnamon, clove and nutmeg. 

It contains a volatile oil, a green fixed oil, a fatty substance, tannin, 
gum, resin, uncrystallizable sugar, coloring matter, malic and gallic acids, 
saline matters, moisture and lignin. 

It is a warm aromatic. Dose : 10 to 40 grains (0.65 to 2.6 gm.) 

OLEUM PIMEXT.E (Oil of Allspice). 

A volatile oil distilled from pimenta, and consists like oil of clove, of 
two distinct oils, a light and heavy, which are analagous to light and 
heavy oil of cloves. 

Used for the same purpose as the other stimulant aromatic oils. 

Official in spirit of myrcia. 

OLEUM PICTS LIQUID/E (Oil of Tar). 

A volatile oil distilled from tar. Soluble in alcohol. 

It has the same medicinal properties as tar and is less offensive to the 
taste. Dose : 1 to 5 minims (0.06 to 0.3 C.c). 

ROSA CENTIFOLIA (Pale Rose) Cabbage Rose Petals. 

The petals of Rosa centifolia (nat. ord. Rosaces) growing all over 
the world, and should be collected when the flower is fully expanded, 
but has not begun to fall. 

It contains a Yolatile Oil, malic and tartaric acid tannin, fat, resin, 
sugar, coloring matter. 



134 

Used principally in the preparation of the oil and rose water, but 
when taken internally it is slightly laxative. 

AQUA R( >S.E FORTIOR (Stronger Rose Water) Triple Rose Water. 

Water saturated with volatile oil of rose petals obtained as a by-product 
in the manufacture of oil of rose, and should be kept in well-stoppered 
bottles away from the light. 

Used in making rose water. 

AQUA ROS/E (Rose Water). 

Prepared by mixing together equal volumes of stronger rose water 
and distilled water, immediately before use. Official in the ointment. 
Used principally in eye waters, etc. 

OLEUM ROS^E (Oil of Rose) Attar, Otto or Essence of Roses. 

A volatile oil distilled from the fresh flowers of Rosa Damascena in 
Northern India, from Rosa Moschata in Persia, and from Rosa Centi- 
folia in the North of European Turkey. It consists of two oils, one 
liquid which is oxygenated and called Rhodinol C 1( ,H ls O, and the other 
a stearopten C ](; H 34 . 

Slightly soluble in alcohol. Sometimes adulterated with oil of ginger- 
grass, oil of geranium, other volatile oils, wax, spermaceti, etc. The 
volatile additions to oil of rose may be detected by not being concrete, 
while the fixed oils may be detected by the greasy stain they leave on 
paper when heated. Used principally as a perfume. 

OLEUM ROSMARINI (Oil of Rosemary). 

A volatile oil distilled from the leaves of Rosmarinus officinalis (nat. 
ord. Labiatae) and contains a hydrocarbon Ci H 16 called Pinene, another 
portion having a higher boiling point, which at a low temperature de- 
posits a stearopten. Soluble in alcohol and glaciale acetic acid. Some- 
times adulterated with oil of turpentine. 

Official in compound tincture of lavender. It is stimulant, but is 
used chiefly as an ingredient in rubifacient liniments. Dose : 3 to 6 
drops (0.18 to 0.36 C.c.). 

SABINA (Savine) Savine Tops, 

The tops of Juniperous Sabina (nat. ord. Coniferae) growing in the 
United States, in the South of Europe and the Levant. 

It contains a Volatile Oil, gum, tannic or gallic acids, resin, chloro- 
phyll, fixed oil, bitter extractive, lime and salts of potassa. 

The tops of Juniperus Virginiana or Common Red Cedar are some- 
times substituted for savine, as they closely resemble each other. 

Official in the fluid extract. It is highly irritant. 

EXTRACTUM SABINxE FLUIDUM (Fluid Extract of Savine). 

Prepared from savine No. 40 in the usual way, using alcohol as the 
menstruum. 

Rarely given internally. Dose : 3 to 8 minims (0.18 to 0.5 C.c). 



135 

OLEUM SABIN.E (Oil of Savine). 

A volatile oil distilled from savine, consisting principally of an oxygen- 
ated portion C 10 H 16 O (Tilden). Soluble in alcohol, and glaciale acetic acid. 

It is a powerful local irritant. Rarely used. Dose . 2 to 5 drops 
{0.12 to 0.3 C.c). 

OLEUM SANTALI (Oil of Santal). 

A volatile oil distilled from the wood of Santalum Album (nat. ord. 
Santalaceae) growing in India, and consists of Santalol C^H^O and San- 
talal C 15 H 24 0. 

Often adulterated with castor oil, other fixed oils and volatile oil of 
cedar. Soluble in alcohol. 

Used chiefly as a perfume, also in rheumatism, gout, etc. 

Dose : 15 to 20 minims (0.9 to 1.25 C.c). 

SALVIA (Sage). 

The leaves of Salvia officinalis (nat. ord. Labiate) growing in the 
L nited States and Europe. 

It contains a Volatile Oil, upon which its virtues depend (consisting 
of two terpenes having different boiling points, Salviol C 10 H 16 O and 
camphor C 10 H 16 O). In the fresh oil the terpene having a lower boiling 
point predominates, but on standing the salviol increases and then the 
camphor. 

It is tonic, astringent and aromatic. Dose : 20 to 30 grains (1.3 to 
1.95 gm.i. 

SAMBIXUS (Elder). 

The flowers of Sambucus Canadensis (nat. ord. Caprifoliaceae) grow- 
ing in the United States. It contains a Volatile Oil (consisting of a 
hydrocarbon, Sambucene C 10 H 16 and probably a stearopten). 

They are excitant and sudorific, but are seldom used. 

SASSAFRAS (Sassafras). 

The bark of the root of sassafras varifolium (nat. ord. Laurinere) 
growing in the Lnited States.. 

It contains a Volatile Oil, camphoraceous matter, fatty matter, resin, 
wax. a peculiar decomposition product of tannic acid called sassafrid, 
tannic acid, gum, albumen, starch, lignin and salts. 

It is an aromatic stimulant and astringent. 

OLEUM SASSAFRAS (Oil of Sassafras). 

A volatile oil distilled from Sassafras, consisting of a hydrocarbon 
Safrene C,,,}!,,,. and an oxidized compound, safrol Ci Hi O 2 . Soluble 
in alcohol, carbon disulphide and glaciale acetic acid. It becomes 
darker and thicker by age and exposure to air. 

Used chiefly for flavoring purposes. 

OLEUM SINAPIS VOLATILE (Volatile Oil of Mustard). 

A volatile oil obtained from Black Mustard, by maceration with water 
and subsequent distillation after previously expressing the fixed oil. 



136 

It consists of \llyl Isosulphocyanate C 8 H S CNS. Often produced 
artificially by the action of an alcoholic solution of potassium sulphocy 
anate on ally] iodide. The oil does not pre-exist in the plant. Often 
adulterated with other oils, which may be detected by mixing 50 drops 
of concentrated sulphuric acid with 5 drops of the suspected oil in a 
glass tube. If the oil is pure, little change of color will be produced, 
but if adulterated, a red or brown color will soon appear. 

Soluble in alcohol, ether and carbon disulphide. Official in com- 
pound liniment of mustard. 

LINIMENTUM SINAPIS COMPOSITUS (Compound Liniment of 
Mustard). 

Contains volatile oil of mustard, fluid extract of mezereum, camphor, 
castor oil and alcohol. 

The ext. of mezereum is a very energetic irritant, and the castor oil is 
used to increase the consistency of fhe liniment. It is irritant. 

SERPEXTARIA (Serpentaria) Virginia Snakeroot. 

The rhizome and rootlets of Aristolochia Serpentaria, and Aristolochia 
reticulata (nat. ord. Aristolochiacea') growing in the Middle, Southern 
and Western States. 

It contains Volatile Oil (consisting of a terpene C 10 H 1(Jl a compound 
ester, a crystalline acid, and a small portion having the formula C ls Ho„0), 
yellowish green resin, extractive matter, gummy extract, lignin and water. 

Official in the fluid extract, tincture, and compound tincture of cin- 
chona. 

It is a stimulant tonic, diuretic and diaphoretic. 

EXTRACTUM SERPENTARIA FLUIDUM (Fluid Extract of 
Serpentaria). 

Prepared in the usual manner from serpentaria No. 60, using a mix- 
ture of 800 parts of alcohol and 200 parts of water as the menstruum. 

Dose : 20 to 30 minims ( 1.25 to 1.9 C.c). 

TINCTURA SERPENTARIA (Tincture of Serpentaria). 

Prepared by macerating and percolating serpentaria No. 40 with a 
mixture of 650 parts of alcohol and 350 parts of water. 

Dose: 1 to 4 fluid drachms (3.75 to 15 C.c). 

TANACETUM (Tansy). 

The leaves and tops of Tanacetum vulgare (nat ord. Composite) 
growing in the United States. 

It contains a Volatile Oil (consisting of a turpene Cf H 16 , an alde- 
hyde CioH 16 0, and an alcohol Ci„H ls O") tanacetin CnH 1(i O.|, tannic acid, 
traces of gallic acid, a wax-like substance, albuminoids, tartaric, citric 
and malic acids, traces of oxalic acid, a sugar, resin, metarabic acid, 
pararabin. and woody fibre. It is aromatic and irritant narcotic. 

Dose : 30 to 60 grains (1.95 to 3.9 gm.). 



137 

LECTURE NO. 18. 

OLEUM TEREBINTHIN^E (Oil of Turpentine) Spirit of Turpentine. 

A volatile oil distilled from turpentine. 

As found in commerce it contains oxygen, but when pure contains 
only hydrogen and carbon, and consists of one or more turpenes. Very 
volatile and inflammable, and less soluble in alcohol than most volatile 
oils. Soluble in ether. If a little of the oil be evaporated in a capsule 
on a water bath, it should have not more than a slight residue (absence 
of petrolatum, paraffine oils and resin). 

Official in the liniment and is used in preparing the rectified oil, tere- 
bene and terpin hydrate. It is stimulant, diuretic, diaphoretic and an- 
thelmintic. Dose : 5 to 30 drops (0.3 to 1.9 C.c.) Externally it is rubi- 
facient. 

OLEUM TEREBINTHUNL'E RECTIFICATUS (Rectified Oil of 
Turpentine). 

Prepared by distilling oil of turpentine with lime water and collecting 
the product, and should be kept in well-stoppered bottles, in a cool 
place, away from light. Should be dispensed when oil of turpentine is 
prescribed for internal use. 

Distilling with lime frees it from the products which give the commer- 
cial oil its disagreeable odor and taste. 

LINIMENTUM TEREBINTHIN/E (Turpentine Liniment). 

Contains resin cerate dissolved in oil of turpentine. Used as a 
remedy in burns and scalds. 

TEREBENUM (Terebene) C 10 H 16 . 

A liquid consisting chiefly of pinene, and containing not more than a 
very smali proportion of terpene and dipentine, and should be kept in 
well-stoppered bottles, in a cool place, away from the light. 

Prepared by the action of sulphuric acid on oil of turpentine. 

Slightly soluble in water, but soluble in an equal bulk of alcohol, gla- 
ciale acetic acid and carbon disulphide. 

It is a valuable stimulant expectorant. Dose : 20 to 60 minims (1.2 to 
3.7 C.c. 1. given in emulsion or capsules. 

TERPINI HYDRAS (Terpin Hydrate) C, () H ls (OH) 2 . H 2 0. 

A hydrate of the diatomic alcohol Terpin, and should be kept in 
well-stoppered bottles. 

Prepared by mixing together oil of turpentine, alcohol and nitric 
acid ; on standing, the terpin hydrate crystallizes out. 

Soluble in alcohol, and sparingly soluble in water. 

Used in chronic bronchitis. Dose: 2 to 3 grains (0.13 to 0.2 gm.), 
given in pill or emulsion. 
18 



138 

OLEUM TIIYMI (Oil of Thyme). 

A volatile oil distilled from the leaves and flowering tops of Thymus 
vulgaris (nat. ord. Labiatae) growing in France and cultivated in our gar- 
dens. 

Soluble in alcohol, carbon disulphide and glaciale acetic acid, and 
contains cymene C 10 H 14 , thymene Ci H 16 and Thymol C 1M H 14 0. 

It become darker and thicker by age and exposure to air. The im- 
pure oil is called OIL OF ORIGANUM. 

Dose : 3 to 15 drops (0.3 to 0.9 C.c). * 

VALERIANA (Valerian). 

The rhizome and roots of Valeriana officinalis (nat. ord. Valerianere) 
growing in Europe. 

It contains Volatile Oil (consisting of a hydrocarbon Valerene C 10 H 16 
and Valerol C (i H 1(l O, which slowly oxidizes into valerianic acid) a peculiar 
extractive matter, gum, a soft odorous resin and lignin. 

Official in the tincture, fluid extract and ammoniated tincture. It is 
a nerve stimulant. 

EXTRACTUM VALERIANA FLUIDUM (Fluid Extract of Va- 
lerian). 

Prepared by the usual method from valerian No. 60, using a mixture 
of 750 parts of alcohol and 250 parts of water as the menstruum. 

Dose : 1 fluid drachm (3.75 C.c). 

TINCTURA VALERIANA (Tincture of Valerian). 

Prepared by macerating and percolating valerian No. 60 with a mix- 
ture of 750 parts of alcohol and 250 parts of water. 

It deposits on standing a black, very cohesive precipitate with starch 
and a yellow extractive matter. Dose : 1 to 4 fluid drachms(3.75 toi5C.c). 

TINCTURA VALERIANAE AMMONIATA (Ammoniated Tincture 
of Valerian). , 

Prepared by macerating and percolating valerian No. 60 with aromatic 
spirit of ammonia. Dose : 30 to 60 minims (1.9 to 3.75 C.c). 

Stearoptens. 

CAMPHORA (Camphor) C 10 H I(i O. 

A stearopten obtained from Cinnamomum Camphora (nat. ord. Lau- 
rinea^ (having the nature of a ketone) by cutting the roots, trunks and 
branches in small chips, heating with water and condensing the camphor 
on rice straw, then purifying by sublimation. 

Camphor in the crude state is brought into this country from Canton, 
Batavia, Singapore and Calcutta. 

It is easily powdered by the aid of a little alcohol, ether or chloro- 
form. On exposure to the air it evaporates, and when heated sublimes 
without leaving any residue. When triturated with menthol, thymol, 
phenol or chloral hydrate liquefaction takes place. 



130 

Sparingly soluble in water, but soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, 
carbon disulphide, benzin, and fixed oils. By the intervention of mag- 
nesia or sugar, a larger quantity may be dissolved in water. 

It is refined by melting with lime and then subliming ; the lime re- 
moving the water which interferes with the solidification of the vapor. 
Sometimes adulterated with artificial camphor. Camphor (/ 1(I H 1(; and 
Borneol C 1( ,H ls O (^Sumatra Camphor, Borneo Camphor obtained from 
Sumatra and Borneo) are classified together as belonging to the group 
called in general camphors, which occur with the terpenes or essential 
oils C 10 H 16 ,and are to be considered as oxidation products of these latter. 

Borneol is a secondary alcohol and therefore contains the group 
CHOH linked to a more complex group. Ketones are formed from 
secondary alcohols by oxidation and the group CHOH changed to CO. 
Camphor bears this relation to borneol, and is therefore considered as a 
ketone, although not capable of being formed directly from borneol. 

Official in the water, liniment, spirit, soap liniment, camphorated tinc- 
ture of opium. 

It is stimulant and diaphoretic. Dose : 5 to 10 grains(o. 33 to 0.65 gm.). 

AQUA CAMPHORS (Camphor Water). 

Prepared by powdering camphor with the aid of a little alcohol, mix- 
ing with precipitated calcium phosphate, adding water and filtering. It 
contains o.S^ of camphor. Dose : 1 to 2 tablespoonfnls (15 to 30 C.c). 

LINIMENTUM CAMPHORS (Camphor Liniment). 

Contains 20$ of camphor dissolved in cotton-seed oil. 

Used in cases of sprains and bruises. 

SPIRITUS CAMPHORS (Spirit of Camphor). 

Contains 10% oi camphor dissolved in alcohol. 

It is an anodyne embrocation. The spirit of the U. S. P. 1880 con- 
tained water. 

(AMPHORA MONOBROMATA (Monobromated Camphor) Bromi- 
nated Camphor. Bromated Camphor. 

Prepared by heating camphor and bromine together in a sealed tube. 

Insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, fixed and 
volatile oils. 

Used as a sedative. Dose : 5 grains (0.33 gm.). 

MENTHOL (Menthol; C 10 H 19 OH. 

A stearopten having the character of a secondary alcohol obtained 
from the oil of peppermint by cooling. It should be kept in well-stop- 
pered bottles, in a cool place. Soluble in alcohol, ether,chloroform, carbon 
disulphide and glaciale acetic acid. When triturated with an equal 
weight of camphor, thymol, or chloral hydrate, the mixture becomes 
liquid. It i-> often adulterated with spermaceti, paraffine, etc. 
Used as a local anaesthetic application. 

THYMOL. See page 105. 



140 

Glucosides and Neutral Principles. 

ALOE BARBADENSIS (Barbadoes Aloes). 

The inspissated juice of the leaves of Aloe vera (nat. ord. Liliaceae) 
growing in the East Indies and Barbadoes. 

Used considerably to adulterate Socotrine Aloes. 

ALOE SOCOTRINA (Socotrine Aloes), 

The inspissated juice of the leaves of Aloe Perryi (nat. ord. Liliaceae) 
growing iu Socotra. 

There are three varieties of aloes in commerce, namely : Barbadoes, 
Socotrine and Cape. Cape Aloes was dropped by the U. S. P. 1880. 
It comes from the Cape of Good Hope and differs from the Socotrine 
in its brilliant conchoidal fracture and peculiar strong odor. Socotrine 
Aloes is found in pieces of a yellowish or reddish brown color, some- 
times very light, especially when fresh, as it becomes darker by expos- 
ure to the air and is the best variety. There is still another variety called 
Natal Aloes, coming from Natal on the South East coast of Africa. Its 
odor is like that of Cape Aloes but it is less soluble. Barbadoes Aloes 
is not uniform in color, sometimes being dark brown or almost black, 
sometimes of a reddish brown or liver color, or orange brown. It is 
distinguished by its odor, which is disagreeable and nauseous. 

The principle upon which the action of aloes depends is Aloin. Aloes 
yields its active matter to cold water, and when good is almost wholly 
dissolved by boiling water. Soluble in alcohol. It is inflammable, giv- 
ing off a thick smoke which has the odor of the drug. 

Official in the extract and is used in preparing the purified aloes. It 
is cathartic. Dose : 10 grains (0.65 gm.), best administered in pills on 
account of its bitter taste. 

EXTRACTUM ALOES (Extract of Aloes). 

Prepared by mixing Socotrine aloes with boiling water, letting mace- 
rate, pouring off the clear liquid and evaporating to dryness. 

Dose : 2 to 10 grains (0.13 to 0.65 gm.). 

ALOE PURIFICATA (Purified Aloes). 

Prepared by heating Socotrine Aloes on a water bath until it is com- 
pletely melted, adding alcohol, straining, evaporating with constant stir- 
ring until a thread of the mass becomes brittle on cooling, breaking into 
small pieces and keeping in well-stoppered bottles. 

The impurities that are removed by this process are fragments of 
wood, vegetable remains, pieces of leather and earthy matter. Almost 
entirely soluble in alcohol. 

Official in compound extract of colocynth, pill, pill of aloes and asa- 
fetida, pill of aloes and iron, pill of aloes and mastic, pill of aloes and 
myrrh, compound rhubarb pills, tincture, tincture of aloes and myrrh, 
compound tincture of benzoin. 



141 

PILULE ALOES (Pills of Aloes'). 

Contain purified aloes, soap and water. 

Each pill contains 2 grains of aloes. Dose : 5 pills. 

PILULE ALOES ET ASAE(ETIICE (Pills of Aloes and Asafet- 
ida 1. 

Contain purified aloes, asafetida, soap and water. 

Each pill contains about 4 grains of the mass. Dose : 2 to 5 pills. 

PILUL.E ALOES ET FERRI (Pills of Aloes and Iron). 

Contain purified aloes, dried ferrous sulphate, aromatic powder and 
confection of rose. Dose : 1 to 3 pills. 

PIECE. E ALOES ET MASTICHES (Pills of Aloes and Mastic). 
Lady Webster's Dinner Pills. 

Contain purified aloes, mastic, red rose and water. 

Each pill contains about 3 grains of the solid ingredients, and nearly 
2 grains of aloes. 

PILUL.E ALOES ET MVRRH.K (Pills of Aloes and Myrrh) 
Rufus's Pills. 

Contain purified aloes, myrrh, aromatic powder and syrup. Dose : 3 
to 6 pills, or from 10 to 20 grains (0.65 to 1.3 gm.) of the mass. 

TINCTURA ALOES (Tincture of Aloes)/ 

Prepared by macerating and percolating a mixture of purified aloes 
and licorice root with diluted alcohol. 

Dose as a purgative : 2 to 4 fluid drachms (7.5 to 15 C.c.) ; as a laxa- 
tive : J to 1 fluid drachm (1.9 to 3.7 C.c). 

TINCTURA ALOES ET MYRRHS (Tincture of Aloes and 
Myrrhi. Elixir Proprietatis, Compound Tincture of Aloes. 

Prepared by macerating and percolating a mixture of purified aloes, 
myrrh and licorice root with a mixture of three parts alcohol and one 
part water. 

Dose : 1 to 2 fluid drachms (3.7 to 7.5 C.c). 

ALOINUM (Aloin) C^H^O:. 

A neutral principle obtained from several species of Aloes. Parbadoes 
aloes yields Barbaloin C lr H L „0 7 Socotrine aloes, Socaloin d ,H, (; ( ) r , and 
il aloes, Nataloin Ci 6 H w 7 . These aloins differ more or less in com- 
position and properties, according to their source. Aloin is soluble in 
water and alcohol. 

'I bey are distinguished from one another as follows : To aloes or 
powdered does, on a white plate add strong nitric acid : Socaloin pro- 
duces no color, while Nataloin and Barbaloin produce a crimson color. 
mother portion add strong sulphuric acid and the vapor of nitric 
acid : Nataloin produces a blue color, while Barbaloin does not. 

Aloin is rapidly decomposed in alkaline solution. It is an active purg- 
ative. Dose : .] to 2 grains (0.032 to 0.13 gm.). 



142 

AMYGDALA AMARA (Bitter Almond). 

The seed of Primus Amygdalus, var. amara, (nat. ord. Rosacea) grow- 
ing in Persia, Barbary and Syria. 

It contains a glucoside, Amygdalin and a ferment emulsin. 

When the almonds are exposed to moisture, fermentation is produced 
and the bitter oil and hydrocyanic acid are formed, but these do not pre- 
exist in the plant. The changes that take place are as follows: 

CaoHarNOn (amygdalin) + 2 H a O (water) — QH-.OH (oil of bitter 
almonds) -\- HCN (hydrocyanic acid) + 2 C G Hv,0, ; (glucose). 

It is sedative. Official in the syrup. 

APOCYNUM (Canadian Hemp). 

The root of Apocynum cannabium (nat. ord. Apocynaceae) growing 
principally in the Western part of the United States. 

It contains a glucoside, Apocynein, soluble in water and an amorphous 
resinous substance Apocynin, soluble in alcohol and ether, but almost 
insoluble in water. 

Apocynum is sometimes improperly called Indian Hemp. Official in 
the fluid extract. It is emetic, cathartic and diuretic. 

EXTRACTUM APOCYNI FLUIDUM (Fluid. Extract of Apocy- 
num). 

Prepared in the usual manner from apocynum No. 60, using a mixture 
of alcohol, water and glycerin as the menstruum. 

Dose : 5 minims (0.3 C.c). 

ASCLEPIAS (Pleurisy Root) Butterfly Weed. 

The root of Asclepias tuberosa (nat. ord. Asclepideae) growing through- 
out the United States. 

It contains a crystalline glucoside, tannic and gallic acids, albumen, 
pectin, gum, starch, a resin soluble and another insoluble in ether, fixed 
oil, volatile odorous fatty matter, various salts and lignin. 

Official in the fluid extract. It is diaphoretic and expectorant. Dose : 
20 to 60 grains (1.3 to 3.9 gm.). 

EXTRACTUM ASCLEPIADIS FLUIDUM (Fluid Extract of 
Asclepias). 

Prepared in the usual manner from asclepias No 60, using dilute alco- 
hol as the menstruum. 

Dose : 20 to 60 minims (1.25 to 3.7 C.c). 

BRYONIA (Bryony). 

The root of Bryonia alba and Bryonia dioica (nat. ord. Cucurbitaceae) 
growing in different parts of Europe. Containing a glucoside Bryonin, 
CYH M ,0 1: , starch, gum, resin, sugar, a concrete oil, albumen and various 
salts. 

Official in the tincture. It is a hydragogue cathartic. Dose : 20 to 60 
grains (1.3 to 3.9 gm.). 



143 

TINCTURA BRYONIA (Tincture of Bryonia). 

Prepared by macerating and percolating recently dried bryonia No. 40 
with alcohol. 

Dose : 1 to 2 fluid drachms (3.7 to 7.5 C.c). 

CALENDULA (Marigold). 

The florets of Calendula officinalis (nat. ord. Composite) growing in 
all parts of the United*States. 

Contains a peculiar principle Calendulin, upon which its virtues de- 
pend. 

Official in the tincture. 

TINCTURA CALENDULJE (Tincture of Calendula). 

Prepared by macerating and percolating calendula No. 20 with alcohol. 

Used externally for the same purposes as arnica flowers. 

CASQARILLA (Cascarilla) Cascarilla Bark. 

The bark of Croton Elutaria (nat. ord. Euphorbiaceae) growing in the 
Bahama Islands. 

Contains a bitter crystallizable principle called Cascarillin, albumen^ 
a peculiar kind of tannin, a red coloring matter, fatty matter of a 
nauseous odor,wax, gum, volatile oil, reSin, starch, pectic acid, potassium 
chloride, a salt of lime and lignin. 

It is aromatic and tonic. 

CAULOPHYLLUM (Blue Cohosh) Pappoose Root, Squaw Root, 
Blueberry Root. 

The rhizome and roots of Caulophyllum thalictroides (nat. ord. Ber- 
beridaceae) growing in the United States. 

Contains a glucoside called Leontin (Lloyd), albumen, gum, starch, 
phosphoric acid, extractive, two resins,, coloring matter. 

It is sedative, antispasmodic and oxytoxic. 

( 1IIMAPHILA (Pipsissewa) Prince's Pine, Wintergreen. 

The leaves of Chimaphila umbellata (nat. ord. Ericaceae) growing in 
all parts of the United States. 

Contains a peculiar substance called Chimaphilin, gum, starch, sugar, 
extractive, pectic acid, tannic acid, resin, fatty matter, chlorophyll, yellow 
coloring matter, lignin and various inorganic substances. 

Official in the fluid extract. It is diuretic, tonic and astringent. 

EXTRACTUM CHIMAPHILA FLUIDUM (Fluid Extract of 
( Ihimaphila). 

Prepared in the usual manner from chimaphila No. 30, using dilute 
alcohol as the menstruum. Dose : 1 fluid drachm C3.75 C.c). 

CHIRATA (Chirata) Chiretta. 

The entire plant of Swertia Chirata (nat. ord. Gentianesu; growing in 
Northern India. 

Contains a peculiar bitter principle called Chiratin, resin, a peculiar 



144 

bitter substance, brown coloring matter, gum, sugar, wax, chlorophyll, 
Soft resin, tannin and ophelic acid. 

Official in the fluid extract and tincture. It is a tonic. 

EXTRACTUM ('III RAT. K FLUIDUM (Fluid Extract of Chirata). 

Prepared in the usual way from chirata No. 30, using a mixture of 2 
parts of alcohol and 1 part water as the menstruum. 

Dose: \ fluid drachm (1.9 C.c). » 

TINCTUR \ CIIIRAT.K (Tincture of Chirati). 

Prepared by macerating and percolating chirata No. 40, with a mixture 
of 650 parts alcohol and 350 parts water. 

Dose : 1 to 2 fluid drachms (3.7 to 7.5 C.c). 

CHRYSAROBINUM (Crysarobin) Goa Powder, Araroba. 

A neutral principle obtained from Goa Powder, a substance deposited 
in the wood of Andira Araroba (nat. ord. Leguminosaj) growing in the 
East Indies, the oldest trees yielding the largest amount of powder. 

Contains resin, woody fibre, bitter extractive, and a substance called 
by Attfield, Chrysophanic Acid. It is slightly soluble in water and 
alcohol, but soluble in boiling benzol, and solutions of alkalies. It turns 
brownish-yellow when exposed to the air. 

When taken in sufficient doses it is a gastro-intestinal irritant, but is 
used principally externally in skin diseases. Official in the ointment. 

UNGUENTUM CHRYSAROBIN1 (Ointment of Chrysarobin ). 

Prepared by rubbing chrysarobin with benzoinated lard, and con- 
tains 5', . 

Used in skin diseases. 

COLOCYNTH1S (Colocynth). 

The fruit of Citrullus Colocynthis (nat. ord. Cucurbitacea j ) deprived 
of its rind, growing in Turkey, Asia and Africa. 

Contains a glucoside Colocynthin, extractive, fixed oil, a resinous sub- 
stance insoluble in ether, gum, pectic acid, gummy extract, etc. 

Official in the extract. 

It is a powerful drastic hydragogue cathartic. Dose: 5 to 10 grains 
(0.33 to 0.65 gm.). • 

EXTRACTUM COLOCYNTH1DIS (Extract of Colocynth). 

Prepared by macerating 1000 grams of ground or bruised colocynth, 
dried and freed from the seeds, with dilute alcohol for four days, ex- 
pressing, percolating the residue with dilute alcohol until the tincture 
•and expressed liquid measure 500 C.c, distilling off the alcohol on a 
water bath, evaporating to dryness and powdering. 

It should be kept in well-stoppered bottles. Official in the compound 
extract. 



145 



LECTURE NO. 19. 



EXTRACTUM COLOCYNTHIDIS COMPOSITUM (Compound 
Extract of Colocynth). 

Contains extract of colocynth, purified aloes, cardamom No. 60, resin 
of scammony, soap and alcohol, and should be kept in well-stoppered 
bottles. 

Official in compound cathartic pill and vegetable cathartic pill. It is 
cathartic. Dose : 5 to 30 grains (0.33 to 1.95 gm.). 

' PILUL.-E CATHARTICS VEGETABILES (Vegetable Cathartic 
Pill). 

Contains compound extract of colocynth, extract of hyoscyamus, ex- 
tract of jalap, extract of leptandra, resin of podophyllum, oil of pepper- 
mint and water. 

The oil of peppermint and extract of hyoscyamus are added to pre- 
vent griping. Dose : 3 pills. 

CONVALLARIA (Lily of the Valley). 

The rhizome and roots of Convallaria majalis (nat. ord. Liliacea), 
growing in the United States and Europe. 

Contains two glucosides Convallarin C^H^O,,, and Convallamarin 
G s H44O12. Official in the fluid extract. It is a cardiac stimulant. 

EXTRACTUM CONVALLARIA FLUIDUM (Fluid Extract of 
Convallaria). 

Prepared in the usual manner from convallaria No. 60, using dilute 
alcohol as the menstruum. 

Dose : 5 to 1 5 minims (0.3 to 0.9 C.c). 

CROCUS (Saffron). 

The stigmas of Crocus sativus (nat. ord. Iridere) growing in Greece 
and Asia Minor. 

Contains a glucoside Polychroite, odorous volatile oil, wax, gum, albu- 
men, saline matter, water and lignin. Polychroite may be decomposed 
into crocin a coloring principle. According to M. Henry the value of 
crocus really depends on its volatile oil. Often adulterated with saf- 
flower, marigold, arnica, fibre of dried beef, red saunders, etc. Official 
in fhe tincture. 

It should be kept in well-stoppered bottles. It is antispasmodic. 
Dose : 10 to 30 grains (0.65 to 1.95 gm.). 

TINCTURA CROCJ -Tincture of Crocus). 

Prepared by macerating and percolating crocus with dilute alcohol. 

Dose: 1 to 3 fluid drachms (3.7 to 11.25 C.c). 

CYPRIPEDIUM ^Ladies' Slipper). 

The rhizome and roots of Cypripedium pubescens, and Cypripedium 
parviflorum mat. ord. Orchidea) growing in the United States. 
19 



146 

Contains a volatile oil, volatile acid, tannic and gallic acids, two 
resins, gum, glucose, starch and lignin. The virtues of the root proba- 
bly reside in the volatile oil and a bitter principle. 

Official in the fluid extract. It is stimulant and antispasmodic. 

EXTRACTUM CYPRIPEDI] FLUIDUM (Fluid Extract of Cypri- 
pedium). 

Prepared in the usual manner from cypripedium No. 60, using dilute 
alcohol as the menstruum. 

Dose : 15 minims (0.9 C.c). 

DIGITALIS (Foxglove). 

The leaves of Digitalis purpurea (nat. ord. Scrophularineai) growing 
in Kurope, collected from plants of the second year's growth. 

Contains a glucoside Digitalin, digitonin, digitalein, digitoxin, volatile 
oil, fatty matter, a red coloring substance, chlorophyll, albumen, starch, 
sugar, gum, lignin, etc. 

Official in the infusion, extract, fluid extract and tincture. 

It is a cardiac stimulant. Dose : 1 grain (0.65 gm.) When applied 
externally it acts as a diuretic. 

INFUSUM DIGITALIS (Infusion of Digitalis). 

Prepared by pouring boiling water over digitalis, bruised, macerating, 
straining andtidding cinnamon water and water. 

Dose: J fluid ounce (15 C.c). 

EXTRACTUM DIGITALIS (Extract of Digitalis). 

Prepared by percolating digitalis No. 60 with a mixture of 2 parts 
alcohol and 1 part water, to exhaustion and evaporating to a pilular 
consistence. 

Dose: J grain (0.016 gm.). 

EXTRACTUM DIGITALIS FLUIDUM (Fluid Extract of Digitalis). 

Prepared in the usual manner from digitalis No. 60, using a mixture 
of 2 parts alcohol and 1 part water as the menstruum. 

Dose : 1 or 2 minims (0.6 to 0.12 C.c). 

TINCTURA DIGITALIS (Tincture of Digitalis). 

Prepared by macerating and percolating digitalis No. 60 with dilute 
alcohol. 

Dose: 10 to 20 drops (0.6 to 1.25 C.c). 

ELATERINUM (Elaterin) Q„H 2 ,0,. 

A neutral principle obtained from Elaterium (nat. ord. Cucurbitaceai) 
a substance found deposited in the juice of the squirting cucumber, pre- 
pared by exhausting elaterium with chloroform, precipitating with ether, 
washing with ether, recrystallizing from chloroform. 

Sparingly soluble in water, but soluble in alcohol. Official in the tri- 
turation. 

It is a powerful hydragogue cathartic Dose : 2 V grain (0.003 g m -)- 



147 

TRITURATIO ELATERINI (Trituration of Elaterin). 

Prepared by triturating elaterin with sugar of milk, and contains i 

Dose : J to § of a grain vo-°3 to 0.04 gin. . 

EUONYMUS (Wahoo> 

The bark of the root of Euonymus atropurpurens (nat. ord. Celast- 
rineae) growing in the United States. 

Contains a bitter principle called Euonymin, asparagin, a soft resin, 
a crystalline resin, a yellow resin, a brown resin, fixed oil. wax. starch. 
albumen, glucose, pectin, etc. Official in the extract. 

It is a mild cathartic. 

EXTRACTUM EUONYMI . Extract of Euonymus). 

Prepared by exhausting euonymus No. 30 with a mixture of 2 parts 
alcohol and 1 part water, and evaporating to a pilular consistence. 

Dose : 1 to 3 grains 10.065 t0 °- 2 § m -)- 

EUPATORIUM Thoroughwort) Boneset. Indian Sage. 

The leaves and flowering tops of Eupatorium perfoliatum t nat. ord. 
Composite i growing in the United States. 

Contains a glucoside Eupatorin. chlorophyll, resin, crystalline matter, 
gum. tannin, yellow coloring matter, extractive, etc. 

Official in the fluid extract. It is tonic, diaphoretic and in large doses 
emetic. 

EXTRACTUM EUPATORII FLUIDUM (Fluid Extract of Eupa- 
torium 1. 

Prepared in the usual manner from eupatorium Xo. 40. using dilute 
alcohol as the menstruum. Dose : 20 to 6c minims 11.25 to 3.75 C.c). 

FRANGULA 1 Buckthorn 1 Alder Buckthorn. 

The bark of Rhamnus Frangula mat. ord. Rhamneae) collected at 
least one year before being used. It grows in Europe and Russian Asia. 

Contains a glucoside Frangulin, upon which its properties depend. 

Official in the rluid extract. It is cathartic. 

EXTRACTUM FRANGUL^E FLUIDUM .Fluid Extract of Fran- 
gula). 

Prepared in the usual manner from frangula Xo. 40, using a mixture 
- >o parts alcohol and Soo parts water as the menstruum. 

Dose : 10 to 20 minims 1 0.6 to 1.25 C.c. }. 
II ANA .Gentiani. 

The root of Gentiana lutea (nat. ord. Gentianae) growing in Europe. 

Contains a neutral principle Gentiopicrin, gentisin, resinous matter, 
etc. Official in the extract, rluid extract and compound tincture. It is 
a tonic. 

EXTRACTUM GENTIANS (Extract of Gentiani. 

Prepared by macerating and percolating gentian Xo. 20 with water to 
exhaustion and evaporating to a syrupy consistence. 
- e : 5 to 10 grains 1 0.33 to 0.65 gin.). 



us 

EXTRACTUM GENTIANS FLUIDUM (Fluid Extract of Gen- 
tian). 

Prepared in the usual manner from gentian No. 30, using dilute alco- 
hol as the menstruum. 

Hose : 10 to 30 minims (0.6 to 1.9 C.c). 

TINCTURA GENTIANS COMPOSITA (Compound Tincture of 
Gentian >. 

Prepared by macerating and percolating a mixture of gentian No. 40, 
bitter orange peel No. 40 cardamom No. 40 with a mixture of 600 parts 
alcohol and 400 parts water. 

Dose : 1 to 2 fluid drachms (3.7 to 7.5 C.c). 

GLYCYRRHIZA (Licorice). r 

The root of Glycyrrhiza glabra, var. grandulifera (nat. ord. Legumi- 
noseae) growing in Europe, Persia, Barbary and England. 

Contains a glucoside, Glycyrrhizin C^H.^O..,, a crystalline principle 
agedoite, starch, albumen, a brown acrid resin, a brown nitrogenous ex- 
tractive matter, lignin, etc. It is claimed by Roussin that the sweet 
taste of the root is due to a compound ammonia with the glycyrrhizin 
and not to the glycyrrhizin alone. 

Official in the fluid extract, extract, pure extract, and compound lico- 
rice powder. It is an excellent demulcent. 

EXTRACTUM GLYCRRHIZA FLUIDUM (Fluid Extract of 
Licorice). 

Prepared in the usual manner from licorice No. 40, using a mixture 
of alcohol, water and ammonia water as the menstruum. 

The object of the ammonia water is to render the glycyrrhizin 
soluble. 

EXTRACTUM GLYCYRRHIZA PURUM (Pure Extract of Lico- 
rice). 

Prepared by exhausting licorice with a mixture of water and ammonia 
water, and evaporating to a pilular consistence. 

Official in compound licorice mixture. 

MISTURA GLYCYRRHIZA COMPOSITA (Compound Licorice 
Mixture 1. Brown Mixture. 

Contains pure extract of licorice, syrup, mucilage of acacia, cam- 
phorated tincture of opium, wine of antimony, spirit of nitrous ether -and 
water. 

Dose: 1 to 2 tablespoonfuls (15 to 30 C.c). 

EXTRACTUM GLYCYRRHIZA (Extract of Licorice). 

Prepared by boiling licorice with water, and evaporating to the proper 
consistence. 

Official in troches of ammonium chloride, and troches of licorice and 
opium, and pill iodide of iron. 



149 

PULVIS GLYCYRRHIZ.E COMPOSITUS (Compound Licorice 
Powder). 

Contains Senna No. So, licorice No. So, washed sulphur, sugar and 
oil of fennel. Dose : 30 to 60 grains (1.9 to 3.9 gm.). 

GLYCYRRHIZINUM AMMONIATUM (Ammoniated Glycyrrhi- 
zin). 

Prepared by percolating licorice with a mixture of water and ammonia 
water, precipitating the glycyrrhizin with sulphuric acid, washing free 
from acid, redissolving in water, and ammonia water, precipitating again 
with sulphuric acid, washing, redissolving in water and ammonia water, 
spreading on glass plates and scaling. 

Soluble in alcohol and water. It possesses the same properties as 
licorice. Dose : 5 to 15 grains (0.32 to 0.97 gm.). 

IX ULA (Elecampane). 

The root of Inula Helenium (nat. ord. Compositae), growing in Eu- 
rope. Contains a glucoside Inulin, upon which its properties depend. 

It is tonic and gently stimulant. Dose 20 to 60 grains (1.3 to 3.9 gm.). 

IRIS (Blue Flag). 

The rhizome and rootlets of Iris versicolor (nat. ord. Irideae), grow- 
ing in all parts of the United States. 

Contains starch, gum, tannin, sugar, an acrid resin, fixed oil, and indi- 
cations of an alkaloid. 

Official in the extract and fluid extract. It is cathartic, emetic and 
diuretic. Dose : 10 to 20 grains (0.65 to 1.3 gm.). 

EXTRACTUM IRIDIS (Extract of Iris). 

Prepared by exhausting Iris No. 60 with alcohol and evaporating to 
a pilular consistence. Dose: 1 to 2 grains (.065 to .13 gm.). 

EXTRACTUM IRIDIS FLUIDUM (Fluid ExtractTof Iris). 

Prepared in the usual manner from Iris No. 60, using alcohol as the 
menstruum. Dose : 5 to 10 minims (0.3 to 0.6 C.c). 

JUGLANS (Butternut.. 

The bark of the root of Juglans cinerea (nat. ord. Juglandaceae), col- 
lected in autumn ; growing in Canada and the United States. 

Contains Juglandic acid, resembling chrysophanic acid, upon which 
its properties depend. Official in the extract. It is a mild cathartic. 
Dose : 20 to 30 grains (1.3 to 1.95 gm.). 

EXTRACTUM JUGLANDIS (Extract of Juglans). 

Prepared by exhausting Juglans No. 30 with dilute alcohol and evap- 
orating to a pilular consistence. 

Dose : 5 to 10 grains (0.35 to 0.65 gm.). 

LAPPA (Burdock). 

The root of Arctium Lappa, and of some other species of Arctium 
(nat. ord. Compositae), growing in the United States and Europe. 

Contains Inulin C, ; H 1( ,0.-, a glucoside, arabin, pectin and extractive. 



150 

Official in the fluid extract. It is a diuretic and diaphoretic altera- 
tive. 

EXTRACTUM LAP1VE FLUIDUM (Fluid Extract of Lappa). 

Prepared in the usual manner from burdock No. 60, using dilute alco- 
hol as the menstruum. 

Dose : 30 to 60 minims (1.37 to 3.75 C.c). 

LEPTANDRA (Culver's Root) Black Root, Culver's Physic. 

The rhizome and roots of Veronica Virginica (nat. ord. Scrophulari- 
neae), growing throughout the United States. 

Contains a glucoside Leptandrin, volatile oil, extractive, tannin, gum 
and resin. 

Official in the extract and fluid extract. Dose : 20 to 60 grains (1.3 
to 3.9 -m.). 

EXTRACTUM LEPTANDR/E (Extract of Leptandra). 

Prepared by exhausting leptandra No. 40, with a mixture of 750 
parts alcohol and 250 parts water and evaporating to a pilular consist- 
ence. 

Dose : 5 to 10 grains (0.33 to 0.65 grains). 

EXTRACTUM LEPTANDRA FLUJDUM (Fluid Extract of Lep- 
tandra). 

Prepared in the usual manner from Leptandra No. 60, using a mixture 
of 750 parts alcohol and 250 parts water as the menstruum. Dose : 20 
to 60 minims (1.25 to 3.75 C.c). 

LACTUCARIUM (Lactucarium). 

The concrete milk juice of Lactuca virosa (nat. ord. Compositae), 
growing in Europe. 

Contains lactusin, upon which its activity depends, resinous matter,etc. 

Official in the tincture. Used as an expectorant. Dose : 10 to 20 
grains (0.65 to 1.95 gm.). 

TINCTURA LACTUCARII (Tincture of Lactucarium). 

Prepared by macerating lactucarium with benzine to remove the res- 
inous matter, drying, proceeding the same as in making a fluid extract, 
using a mixture of alcohol, water and glycerin as the menstruum. 

Contains 50% lactucarium. Official in the syrup. 

SVRUPUS LACTUCARII (Syrup of Lactucarium). 
Prepared by mixing tincture of lactucarium with precipitated calcium 
phosphate, and sugar, adding water, filtering and dissolving the remain- 
der of the sugar in the filtrate. 

Used for coughs. Dose : 2 to 3 fluid drachms (7.5 to 11.25 C.c). 

MATICO (Matico). 

The leaves of Piper angustifolium (nat. ord. Piperaceae), growing in 
Peru and other parts of South America. 

Contains a peculiar bitter principle Maticin, chlorophyll, a sort of 



151 

dark green resin, brown and yellow coloring matters, gum, salts, lignin 
and volatile oil. 

Official in the fluid extract and tincture. It is tonic and stimulant. 
Dose : \ to 2 drachms (1.95 to 7.8 gm.). 

EXTRACTUM MAT1CO FLUIDUM (Fluid Extract of Matico). 

Prepared in the usual manner from matico No. 40, using a mixture of 
parts alcohol and 250 parts water as a menstruum. 

I >ose : A to 1 fluid drachm (1.9 to 3.75 C.c). 

TINCTURA MATICO (Tincture of Matico). 

Prepared by macerating and percolating matico No. 40, with dilute 
alcohol. 

Dose : 1 fluid drachm (3.75 C.c). 

MARRUBIUM (Horehound). 

The leaves and tops of Marrubium vulgare (nat. ord. Labiatai), grow- 
ing in the United States and Europe. 

Contains a bitter principle Marrubiin, volatile oil, resin,*tannin, lignin. 

It is tonic, and in large doses laxative. Dose : 30 to 60 grains (1.95 
to 3.9 gm.). 

MEZEREUM (Mezereum). 

The bark of Daphne Mezereum and other species of Daphne (nat. 
ord.^Thymelacean, growing in Europe. 

Contains a peculiar principle Daphnin, wax, an acrid resin, volatile 
oil, a yellow coloring matter, a gummy matter containing nitrogen, lig- 
neous fibre and malic acid. The virtues of the recent plant reside in 
the Volatile Oil, which by time and exposure is changed to a resin, 
without losing its activity. 

Official in the fluid extract, compound decoction of sarsaparilla, com- 
pound fluid'extract of sarsaparilla. Dose : 10 grains (0.65 gm.). 

EXTRACTUM MEZEREI FLUIDUM (Fluid Extract of Meze- 
reum 1. 

Prepared in the usual manner from mezereum No. 30, using alcohol 
as the menstruum. 

It is too acrid for internal use and is only used in the form of an oint- 
ment. 

PHYTOLACCA FRUCTUS (Poke Berry). 

The fruit of Phytolacca decandra (nat. ord. Phytolaccaceaj), growing 
in the United States. 

PHYTOLACCJE RADIX | Poke Root). 

The root of Phytolacca decandra (nat. ord. Phytolaccacea . 

Contains a crystalline principle called Phytolaccin, tannic acid, starch, 
gum, resin, fixed oil, etc. The root is the most active. 

Poke is emetic, purgative and somewhat narcotic. Official in the 
fluid extract. 



152 

EXTRACTUM PHYTOLACCA RADICIS (Fluid Extract of Poke 
Root). 

Prepared in the usual manner from, poke root No. 60, using a mixture 
of 2 parts alcohol and 1 part water as the menstruum. Dose as an 
alterative : 1 to 5 minims (0.06 to 0.3 C.c). 

PICROTOXINUM (Picrotoxin), C ;!() H, 4 1;t . 

A neutral principle obtained from the seed of Anamirta paniculata 
(nat. ord. Menispermaceae). 

Sparingly soluble in water, but soluble in alcohol, in solutions of 
alkalies and in acids. 

It is a very powerful substance, little used. 

Dose : mm. to -A) of a grain (0.0006 to 0.0022 gm.). 

PIPERINUM (Piperin) C 17 H ia N0 3 . 

A neutral principle obtained from pepper and other plants of the 
Piperaceae. 

Insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol. 

It is a warm carminative stimulant. Dose : 1 to 6 grains (0.065 to 
0.4 gm.). 

PRUNUS VIRGINIANA (Wild Cherry). 

The bark of Primus serotina (nat. ord. Rosaceae), collected in autumn, 
growing in the United States. 

Contains aglucoside Amygdalin, another principle probably analagous 
to emulsin, starch, resin, tannin, gallic acid, fatty matter, lignirt, red 
coloring matter, etc. On exposure to moisture the emulsin acts on the 
amygdalin, producing volatile oil and hydrocyanic acid, but these do not 
pre-exist in the plant ready found. 

Official in the fluid extract, infusion and syrup. It is tonic, and in 
large doses sedative. 

EXTRACTUM PRUNI VIRGINIANS FLUIDUM (Fluid Extract 
of Wild Cherry). 

Prepared in the usual manner from wild cherry No. 20, using a mixture 
of alcohol, water and glycerin as the menstruum. 

The glycerin is used to prevent precipitation. Dose : 30 to 60 minims 
(1.9 to 3.75 C.c). 

INFUSUM PRUNI VIRGINIANS (Infusion of Wild Cherry). 

Prepared by macerating and percolating wild cherry with cold water. 
The presence of hot water would decompose the hydrocyanic acid. It 
is unstable and should be prepared fresh when wanted for use. 

Dose: 2 to 3 fluid ounces (60 to 90 C.c). 

SYRUPUS PRUNI VIRGINIANS (Syrup of Wild Cherry). 

Prepared by macerating and percolating wild cherry No. 20, with a 
mixture of glycerin and water, and dissolving sugar in the filtrate with- 
out heat. 

Dose : J fluid ounces (15 C.c). 



153 



LECTURE NO. 20. 



PULSATILLA (Pulsatilla). 

The herb of Anemone Pulsatilla and of Anemone pratensis (nat. ord. 
Ranunculacese) growing in Europe and England. 

Contains a peculiar crystalline principle Anemonin. 

It is rarely used. 

QUASSIA (Quassia). 

The wood of Picraena excelsa (nat. ord. Simarubeae) growing in Ja- 
maica and the Caribbean Islands. 

Contains a bitter principle Quassin, upon which its action depends. 

Official in the extract, fluid extract and tincture. It is tonic. 

EXTRACTUM QUASSIA (Extract of Quassia). 

Prepared by macerating and percolating quassia No. 20, with water 
and evaporating to a pilular consistence. 

Dose : 1 to 2 grains (0.065 to °- I 3 § m -^- 

EXTRACTUM QUASSLE FLUIDUM (Fluid Extract of Quassia). 

Prepared in the usual manner from quassia No. 60, using a mixture of 
5 parts alcohol and 6 parts water as the menstruum. 

Dose : 5 to 10 minims (0.3 to 0.6 C.c). 

TINCTURA QUASSIA (Tincture of Quassia). 

Prepared by macerating and percolating quassia No. 40, with a mix- 
ture of 350 parts alcohol and 650 parts water. 

Dose : 1 fluid drachm (3. 7 5 C.c). 

QUILLAJA (Soap Bark). 

The inner bark of Quillaja Saponaria (nat. ord. Rosacea^ ), growing in 
Peru and Chili. 

Contains a glucoside Saponin. 

Official in the tincture. Used in pulmonary affections, and sometimes 
as a substitute for senega. 

TINCTURA QUILLAJiE (Tincture of Quillaja). 

Prepared by boiling coarse ground soap bark with water, adding alco- 
hol and filtering. Used principally as an emulsifying agent. 

RHEUM (Rhubarb). 

The root of Rheum officinale (nat. ord. Polygonaceae), growing in 
China. Turkey, England and France. 

Contains a glucoside Chrysophan (which, according to Kubli, is de- 
composed into chrysophanic acid by the action of a ferment when the 
root is digested in water), extractive, tannic and gallic acids, sugar, 
pectin, lignin, etc. Powdered rhubarb is often prepared from inferior 
roots and rotten and worm-eaten roots, colored with tumeric. 

Official in the extract, fluid extract, pill, compound pill, compound 
powder, tincture, aromatic tincture and sweet tincture. 

It is carthartic and astringent. Dose : 5 to 30 grains fo.35 to 1.95 gm.i. 

'20 



154 

EXTRACTUM RHEI (Extract of Rhubarb). 

Prepared by macerating and percolating rhubarb No. 30, to exhaus- 
tion with a mixture of 800 parts alcohol and 200 parts water, and evap- 
orating to a pilular consistence. 

DOse : 5 to 10 grains (0.3 to 0.65 gni.). 

EXTRACTUM RHEI FLUIDUM (Fluid Extract of Rhubarb). 

Prepared in the usual manner from rhubarb No. 30, using a mixture 
of Soo parts alcohol and 200 parts water as the menstruum. Official in 
mixture of rhubarb and soda and the syrup. 

Dose : 20 to 30 minims (0.25 to 1.9 C.C.). 

MJSTURA RHEI ET SOILE (Mixture of Rhubarb and Soda). 

Contains sodium bicarbonate, fluid extract of rhubarb, fluid extract 
of ipecac, glycerin, spirit of peppermint and water. 

Dose : i to 1 teaspoonful (1.9 to 3.75 C.c). 

SYRUPUS RHEI (Syrup of Rhubarb). 

Contains fluid extract of rhubarb, spirit of cinnamon, potassium car- 
. bonate, glycerin and syrup. Dose : 1 fluid drachm (3.7 C.c). 

PILULE RHEI (Pills of Rhubarb). 

Contain rhubarb No. 60, soap and water. Each pill contains 3 grains 
of rhubarb (0.2 gm.). 

PILULE RHEI COMPOSITA (Compound Pills of Rhubarb). 

Contain rhubarb No. 60, purified aloes, myrrh, oil of peppermint and 
water. 

Dose : 2 to 4 pills or 10 to 20 grains of the mass (0.65 to 1.3 gm.). 

PULVIS RHEI COMPOSITUS (Compound Powder of Rhubarb). 
Gregory's Powder. 

Contains rhubarb No. 60, magnesia, and ginger No. 60. 

Dose : J to 1 drachm (1.95 to 3.9 gm.). 

TINCTURA RHEI (Tincture of Rhubarb). 

Prepared by macerating and percolating a mixture of rhubarb No. 40, 
and cardamom No. 40, with a mixture of alcohol, water and glycerin. 

Dose: 1 to 2 fluid drachms (3.75 to 7.5 C.c). 

TINCTURA RHEI AROMATICA (Aromatic Tincture of Rhu- 
barb). 

Prepared by macerating and percolating a mixture of rhubarb No. 40, 
cassia cinnamon No. 40, clove No. 40, nutmeg No. 40, with a mixture 
of alcohol, water and glycerin. 

Official in the aromatic syrup. Dose : 1 fluid drachm (3.75 C.c). 

SYRUPUS RHEI AROMATICUS (Aromatic Syrup of Rhubarb). 

Contains aromatic tincture of rhubarb and syrup. 

Dose : 1 fluid drachm (3.75 C.c). 

TINCTURA RHEI DULCIS (Sweet Tincture of Rhubarb). 

Prepared by macerating and percolating a mixture of rhubarb No. 40, 



155 

licorice X'o. 40, anise Xo. 40, cardamom Xo. 40, with a mixture of glyc- 
erin, alcohol and water. 

Dose : 2 to 3 fluid drachms (7.5 to 11.25 C.c '• 

RHUS TOXICODENDRON (Poison Ivy), Poison Oak. 

The fresh leaves of Rhus radicans (nat. ord. Anacardieae) growing in 
the United States, from Canada to Georgia. 

Contains Toxicodendric acid, tannic acid chlorophyll, wax, fixed oil, 
resin, sugar, albumen, pectin, starch, etc. 

It is a powerful local irritant. 

RUMEX .Yellow Dock). 

The root of Rumex crispus and of some other species of Rumex 
(nat. ord. Polvgonaceae\ growing in the United States and Europe. 

Contains a peculiar principle Rumicin, tannin, starch, mucilage, albu- 
men. ctC 

Official in the fluid extract. It is astringent and tonic. 

EXTRACTUM RUMICIS FLUIDUM (Fluid Extract of Rumex). 

Prepared in the usual manner from rumex Xo. 40, using dilute alco- 
hol as the menstruum. 

Dose: 1 fluid drachm (3.7 C.c). 

SANTALUM RUBRUM (Red Saunders), Red Sandal Wood. 

The wood of Pterocarpus santalinus (nat. ord. Leguminoseae) growing 
in India and Ceylon. 

Contains a coloring principle Santalin. Used principally as a color- 
ing agent. 

SALICINUM (Salicin) C 10 H lN O r . A neutral principal obtained from 
several species of Salix and Populis (nat. ord. Salicaceae). Permanent 
in the air. Soluble in water and alcohol. It is a glucoside. Almost 
insoluble in ether and chloroform. 

It is tonic. Dose : 10 to 30 grains (0.65 to 1.95 gm.). 

SANTONICA (Levant YVormseed), European YVormseed. 

The unexpanded flower heads of Artemisia paucirlora 1 nat. ord. Com- 
positor 1. growing in the Levant. 

Contains Santonin, volatile oil, etc. 

It is rarely used. Dose : 10 to 30 grains (0.65 to 1.95 gm. ). 

SANTONINUM .Santonin) CY.H.X), 

A neutral principle obtained from Santonica, and should be kept in 
dark amber bottles, away from the light. It is not altered by exposure 
to the air, but turns yellowish on exposure to light. Soluble in alcohol, 
chloroform and solutions of caustic alkalies. 

Official in the troche. It is a vermicide. Dose : 2 to 4 grains (0.13 
to 0.26 gm. 1. 

TROCHISCI SANTONIN] (Troches of Santonin). Contains san- 
tonin, sugar, tragacanth and stronger orange flower water. Each troche 
contains about \ grain < 0.033 gm.j of santonin. Dose : 1 to 6 troches. 



L56 

SARSAPARILLA (Sarsaparilla), Jamaica Sarsaparilla. 

The root of Smilax- officinalis, Smilax medica, Smilax papyracea, and 
other undetermined species of Smilax, (nat. ord. Liliaceae), growing in 
Honduras, Mexico and Jamaica. 

Contains Parillin, upon which its properties depend. The quality of 
sarsaparilla, as found in commerce varies very much. If,on being chewed 
for a short time, it leaves a decidedly acrid impression in the mouth it 
may be considered efficient. If otherwise, it is probably inert. 

Official in the fluid extract, compound decoction, and compound fluid 
extract. 

EXTRACTUM SARSAPARILLA FLUIDUM (Fluid Extract of 
Sarsaparilla). 

Prepared in the usual manner from sarsaparilla No. 30, using a mix- 
ture of 3 parts alcohol and 6 parts water as the menstruum. 

Official in the compound syrup. Dose : 30 to 60 minims (1.9 to 
3.75 C.c.). 

SYRUPUS SARSAPARILLA COMPOSITUS (Compound Syrup 
of Sarsaparilla). 

Contains a fluid extract of sarsaparilla, fluid extract of licorice, fluid 
extract of senna, oil of sassafras, oil of wintergreen, oil of anise, water 
and sugar. 

Corrosive sublimate being often prescribed with this syrup is said to 
be reduced to calomel. 

Dose : J fluid ounce (15 C.c). 

DECOCTUM SARSAPARILLA COMPOSITUM (Compound De- 
coctum of Sarsaparilla) . 

Prepared by boiling sarsaparilla (cut and bruised), guaiacum wood 
(rasped), with water for half an hour, adding sassafras No. 20, licorice 
(bruised), mezereum (cut and bruised), macerating for two hours, strain- 
ing and making up to the required quantity with water. 

Dose : 4 to 6 fluid ounces (120 to 180 C.c). 

EXTRACTUM SARSAPARILLA FLUIDUM COMPOSITUM 
(Compound Fluid Extract of Sarsaparilla). 

Prepared in the usual manner, from a mixture of sarsaparilla No. 30, 
licorice No. 30, sassafras No. 30, mezereum No. 30, with a mixture of 
glycerin, alcohol and water. 

Dose : 30 to 60 minims (1.9 to 3.75 C.c), 

SCILLA (Squill). 

The bulb of Urginea maritima (nat. ord. Liliaceae), deprived of its 
dry membranaceous outer scales, cut into thin slices, the central portions 
being rejected. It grows in Spain, France, Italy and Greece. There 
are two varieties in the market, the red and white. Contains a bitter 
principle, Scilitin. Merck obtained three compounds, namely : Scil- 
lipikrin, scillitoxin and scillin. Jamersted obtained a glucoside which 



157 

he called scillain. Schmiedeberg found a peculiar carbohydrate which 
he called sinistrin. 

Official in the vinegar, fluid extract and tincture. It is expectorant, 
diuretic, and in large doses emetic and purgative. Dose : i to 2 grains 
(.065 to 0.13 gm.). 

ACETUM SCILL^E (Vinegar of Squill). 

Prepared by macerating squill No. 30 in dilute acetic acid for seven 
days, straining and filtering. 

Official in the syrup. Dose: 15 to 60 minims (0.92 to 3.69 C.c ). 

SYRUPUS SCILL.E (Syrup of Squill). 

Prepared by heating vinegar of squill to the boiling point to coagu- 
late the albuminous matter, filtering, dissolving sugar in the filtrate, and 
adding water to make the required quantity. 

Incompatible with ammonium carbonate. Dose : 1 fluid drachm 
(3-7 C.c). 

EXTRACTUM SCILU.E FLUIDUM (Fluid Extract of Squill). 

Prepared in the usual manner from squill No. 20, with a mixture of 
750 parts alcohol and 250 parts water as the menstruum. 

Official in compound syrup of squill. 

SYRUPUS SCILL.dE COMPOSITUS (Compound Syrup of Squill). 

Prepared by mixing fluid extract of squill and fluid extract of senega 
in a tared capsule, evaporating, mixing the residue with water, adding 
precipitated calcium phosphate, filtering, adding tartar emetic dissolved 
in water, dissolving sugar in the solution by agitation, without heat, and 
adding water to make the required quantity. 

Each fluid ounce contains 1 grain of tartar emetic. Dose : 20 to 30 
drops ( 1.25 to 1.9 C.c). For children : 10 to 60 drops (0.6 to 3.7 C.c). 

TINCTURA SCILL/E (Tincture of Squill). 

Prepared by macerating and percolating squill No. 30, with a mixture 
of 750 parts alcohol and 250 parts water. 

Dose : 10 to 20 minims (0.6 to 1.25 C.c). 

SCUTELLARIA (Scullcap). 

The herb of Scutellaria lateriflora (nat. ord. Labiata;), growing in the 
United States. 

It is probably of no remedial effect. Scutellarin which it is said to 
contain is not a pure proximate principle, but is obtained by mixing a 
concentrated tincture with water, precipitating with alum, washing and 
drying, and varies in dose from 1 to 3 or 4 grains (0.065 t0 °- 2 ° or °- 2 ^ 
gm. ). Official in the fluid extract. 

1 XTR \( I I'M SCUTELLARIAE FLUIDUM (Fluid Extract of 
Scutellaria >. 

Prepared in the usual manner from Scutellaria No. 40, using dilute 
alcohol as the menstruum. 

Dose : \ to 1 fluid drachm (1.9 to 3.75 C.c;. 



158 

SENEGA (Senega), Senega Snakeroot. 

The root of Polygala Senega (nat. ord. Polygaleae), growing in the 
United States. 

Contains a glucoside Senegin or Polygalic Acid, now recognized as 
Saponin, fixed oil, resin, traces of volatile oil (a mixture of valerianic 
ether and methyl salicylate), sugar, yellow coloring matter and malates. 

Official in the fluid extract. It is a stimulant, expectorant and diu- 
retic, and in large doses, emetic and cathartic. Dose : 10 to 20 grains 
(0.65 to 1.3 gm.). 

EXTRACTUM SENEGA FLUIDUM (Fluid Extract of Senega). 

Prepared in the usual manner from senega No. 40, using a mixture of 
alcohol, water and ammonia water as the menstruum. 

On account of the pectionus bodies in senega it is liable to gelatinize, 
and the ammonia water prevents this. 

Official in the syrup and compound syrup of squill. 

SYRUPUS SENEG/E (Syrup of Senega). 

Contains fluid extract of senega, ammonia water r sugar and water. 

Dose : 1 or 2 fluid drachms (3.7 to 7.5 C.c). 

SENNA (Senna). 

The leaflets of Cassia acutifolia and Cassia angustifolia (nat. ord. 
Leguminosae), growing in Egypt and Africa. There are four varieties 
in the market : Alexandria, Tripoli, India and Mecca. Only the Alex- 
andria and India are recognized by the U. S. P. 

Contains a. glucoside Cathartic acid, chrysophanic acid, sennacrol, 
sennapicrin and a saccharine principle. 

Officfal in the confection, fluid extract, compound infusion, syrup and 
compound licorice powder. It is a purgative. Dose : J to 2 drachms 
(1.95 to 7.8 gm.). 

CONFECTIO SENN^E (Confection of Senna). 

Contains senna No. 60, cassia fistula (bruised), tamarind, prune, fig, 
sugar, oil of coriander and water. It is a pleasant laxative. Dose: 2 
drachms (7.8 gm.). 

EXTRACTUM SENN^ FLUIDUM (Fluid Extract of Senna). 

Prepared in the usual manner from senna No. 30, using dilute alcohol 
as the menstruum. 

Official in compound syrup of sarsaparilla. Dose : 1 to 4 fluid 
drachms (3.75 to 15 C.c). 

INFUSUM SENN^ COMPOSITUM (Compound Infusion of 
Senna), Black Draught. 

Prepared by pouring boiling water upon a mixture of senna and fen- 
nel, macerating, straining, expressing, dissolving magnesium sulphate 
and manna in the expressed liquid, and adding water to make the suffi- 
cient quantity. Dose : 4 fluid ounces (118 C.c). 



159 

SYRUPUS SENN^E (Syrup of Senna). 

Prepared by digesting senna in boiling water, expressing, straining, 
mixing with alcohol in which oil or coriander has been dissolved, decant- 
ing off the clear liquid and dissolving sugar in it without the aid of heat. 

Dose : 2 to 4 riuid drachms (7.5 to 15 C.c). 

SIN APIS ALBA (White Mustard). 

The seed oi Brassica alba (nat. ord. CruciferaA. 

Contains a glucoside Sinalbin and a ferment Myrosin. In the presence 
of water the ferment acts on the glucoside, forming Acrinyl Sulpho- 
cyanate, a body forming part of the essential oil of mustard paste. 

It is a laxative, stimulant and rubifacient. 

SINAPIS NIGRA (Black Mustard). 

The seed of Brassica nigra (nat. ord. Cruciferae), growing in all parts 
of the United States and Europe. 

Contains a glucoside Sinigrin (potassium myronate), and a ferment 
Myrosin, which in the presence of water react, forming Allyl Sulphocyan- 
ate. which is the chief part of the pungent oil of mustard paste. 

Both the white and black mustard are used in the powdered state and 
are often adulterated with wheat flour, colored with tumeric and red 
pepper is often added. They both yield a fixed oil. Used for the same 
purpose as the white. Official in the paper. 

CHARTA SINAPIS (Mustard Paper). 

Prepared by percolating black mustard No. 60 with benzin and drying 
to remove the rixed oil, mixing with India Rubber which has been dis- 
solved in a mixture of carbon disulpbide and benzin, and spreading on 
paper or cloth. It is a rubifacient. 

STROPHANTHUS (Strophanthus). 

The seed of Strophanthus hispadus (nat ord. Apocynaceae), growing 
in Africa and Asia, deprived of its long awn. 

Contains a glucoside Strophanthin and an alkaloid ina;ine. Official in 
the tincture. It is a cardiac stimulant. 

TIN< ITURA STOPHANTHUS (Tincture of Strophanthus). 

Prepared by digesting strophanthus No. 30 with a mixture of 650 
parts alcohol and 350 parts water and percolating. 

Dose : 5 to 15 minims (03 to 0.9 C.c). 

TARAXACUM (Dandelion;. 

The root of Taraxacum officinale (nat. ord. Compositae), growing all 
over the world. 

Contains a bitter principle Taraxacin, inulin, sugar, etc. Official in 
the extract, and fluid extract. It is tonic, diuretic and aperient. 

EXTRACTUM TARAXACI (Extract of Taraxacum). 

Prepared by bruising fresh dandelion with water until it is reduced to 
pulp, expressing and evaporating to a syrupy consistence; it should be 
kept in close vessels and its surface covered with a cloth, which should 



160 

be moistened occasionally with a little ether or chloroform. The ex- 
pressed juice yields from u to 25', of extract. 

Dose : 20 to 60 grains (1.3 to 3.95 gm.). 

EXTRACTUM TARAXACI FLUIDUM (Fluid Extract of Tarax- 
acum! 

Prepared in the usual manner from dandelion No. 30, using dilute 
alcohol as the menstruum. 

Dose : 1 to 3 fluid drachms (3.75 to 11.25 C.c). 

TRIT1CUM (Couch Grass), Quitch, Dog-grass, Quick-grass. 

The rhizome of Agropyrum repens (nat. ord Gramineae), gathered in 
the spring and deprived of the roots. It grows in the United States. 

Official in the fluid extract. Used in bladder and kidney troubles. 

EXTRACTUM TRITICI FLUIDUM (Fluid Extract of Triticum). 

Prepared by percolating triticum to exhaustion with boiling water, 
evaporaring to a small bulk, adding alcohol, filtering and making up to 
the required quantity with a mixture of 1 part alcohol and 3 parts 
water. 

Dose : 3 to 6 fluid drachms (n.25 to 22.5 C.c). 

UVA URSI (Bearberry). 

The leaves of Arctostaphylos Uva Ursi (nat. ord. Ericaceae), growing 
in the United States, Europe and Asia. 

Contains a glucoside Arbutin, tannic and gallic acids, resin, gum. 
fatty matter, etc. Official in the extract and fluid extract. It is astrin- 
gent, tonic and diuretic. Dose : 20 to 60 grains (1.3 to 3.9 gm.). 

EXTRACTUM UV.E URSI (Extract of Uva Ursi). 

Prepared by exhausting uva ursi Xo. 30 with a mixture of 2 parts 
alcohol and 5 parts water, and evaporating to pilular consistence. 

Dose : 4 to 1 drachm (1.9 to 3.75 gm.). 

EXTRACTUM UVJE URSI FLUIDUM (Fluid Extract of Uva 
Ursi). 

Prepared in the usual manner from uva ursi No. 30, using a mixture 
of alcohol, glycerin and water as the menstruum. 

Dose : 30 to 60 minims (1.9 to 3.75 C.c). 

VANILLA (Vanilla). 

The fruit of Vanilla planifolia (nat. ord. Orchideae), growing in Mexico 
and South America. 

Contains Vanillin C 8 H 8 3 , fixed oil, resin, wax, tannic acid, sugar, 
starch and benzoic acid. There are five varieties in the market, namely : 
Mexican (first quality), Bourbon. Mauritius and Leychelles (inferior 
Bourbon of the trade), South American and Tahiti (transplanted Mexi- 
can). Vanillin -may be prepared synthetically from coniferin, eugenol 
or guaiacol. 

Official in the tincture. Used principally as a flavoring agent. 



161 



LECTURE NO. 21. 



TINCTURA V ANILINE (Tincture of Vanilla). 

Prepared by macerating vanilla in a mixture of 650 parts alcohol and 
350 parts water for twelve hours, draining, beating with sugar, pouring 
over it the drained liquid and percolating with the menstruum to the 
required quantity. Used as a flavoring agent. 

VIBURNUM' PRUNI FOLIUM (Black Haw), Sloe, Stagbush. 

The bark of Viburnum prunifolium (nat. ord. Caprifoliacea), growing 
in the United States. 

Contains a neutral principle Albumin, a brownish resinous body, va- 
lerianic acid, tannic acid, oxalic acid, citric acid, malic acid, sulphates, 
etc. Official in the fluid extract. It is nervine, antispasmodic, astrin- 
gent, diuretic and tonic. 

EXTRACTUM V1BURNI PRUNIFOLII FLUIDUM (Fluid Ex- 
tract of Black Haw). 

Prepared in the usual manner from black haw No. 60, using a mixture 
of 750 parts of alcohol and 250 parts water as the menstruum. 
Dose :| to 1 fluid drachm (1.9 to 3.75 C.c). 

XANTHOXYLUM (Prickly Ash), Toothache Tree, Angelica Tree, 
Suterberry, Pepper Wood, Tea Ash. 

The bark of Xanthoxylum Americanum and of Xanthoxylum Clava- 
Herculis (nat. ord. Rutaceae), growing in the United States. 

Contains a crystalline principle Xanthoxylin, fixed oil, berberine, etc. 
Official in the fluid extract. It is stimulant. 

EXTRACTUM XANTHOXVLI FLUIDUM (Fluid Extract of Xan- 
thoxylum). 

Prepared in the usual manner from xanthoxylum No. 40, using alcohol 
as the menstruum. Dose : J to 1 drachm (1.9 to 3.75 C.c). 

ZEA (Corn Silk). 

The styles and stigmas of Zea Mays (nat. ord. Gramineae), growing 
in the United States. 

Contains Maizenic Acid, fixed oil, resin, chlorophyll, sugar, gum, ex- 
tractive, albuminoids, phlobaphene salt, cellulose and water. 

It is a mild stimulant diuretic. 

Alkaloids. 

ACONITUM (Aconite), Monkshood, Wolfsbane. 

The tuber of Aconitum Napellus (nat. ord. Ranunculaceae), growing in 
Germany, France and Switzerland, which should be gathered in autumn 
or winter, after the leaves have fallen, and is not perfect until the second 
vear. The root is much more active than the leaves. 

Contains an alkaloid Aconitia, C-H^NO^ (Dunstan) aconine C„ ; H 41 
X' > u , Xapelline and homo-napelline, aconitic acid, etc. 



162 

Aconite was official in the 1880 I T . S. P., but on account of its not 
being a definite proximate principle as obtained by the process of the 

[870 I . S. P., and the variation in strength making it dangerous to ad- 
minister, it was dropped. The antidotes to aconite poisoning are whis- 
key and brandy internally, tincture of digitalis and strychnine hypoder- 
mically, given separately. It is a cardiac sedative. Official in the ex- 
tract, fluid extract and tincture. Dose : 1 to 2 grains (.065 to 0.13 gm.). 

EXTRACTUM ACONITI (Extract of Aconite). 

Prepared by macerating aconite No. 60 with alcohol, percolating to 
exhaustion and evaporating to a pilular consistence. 

Dose: .'. to | of a grain (0.01 to 0.016 gm.). 

EXTRACTUM ACONITI FLUIDUM (Fluid Extract of Aconite). 

Prepared in the usual manner from aconite No. 60, using a mixture 
of 3 parts alcohol and 1 part water as the menstruum. 

Dose : h to \ minims (0.03 to 0.06 C.c). 

TINCTURA ACONITI (Tincture of Aconite). 

Prepared by macerating and percolating aconite No. 60 with a mix- 
ture of 7 parts alcohol and 3 parts water as the menstruum. 

Dose : 1 to 3 drops (0.06 to 0.18 C.c). 

ARNIC.E FLORES (Arnica Flowers), Leopard's Bane. 

The flower heads of Arnica montana (nat. ord. Composite), growing 
in the United States, Europe and Siberia. 

Contains an alkaloid Arnicine C35H54O7. Official in the tincture. Used 
as a sternutatory. 

TINCTURA ARNIC.E (Tincture of Arnica). 

Prepared by macerating and percolating arnica flowers with diluted 
alcohol. 

Used as an application to sprains and bruises. 

ARNIC.E RADIX (Arnica Root). 

The rhizome and roots of Arnica montana (nat. ord. Composite). 

Contains an alkaloid Arnicine, volatile oil, inulin, etc. Official in the 
extract, fluid extract, and tincture. 

EXTRACTUM ARNICA RADIC1S (Extract of Arnica Root). 

Prepared by macerating and percolating arnica root No. 60 with di- 
lute alcohol and evaporating to a pilular consistence. 

Official in plaster. Dose : 3 to 5 grains (0.2 to 0.33 gm.). 

EMPLASTRUM ARNIC.E (Arnica Plaster). 

( Ontains extract of arnica root and resin plaster. 

Used for sprains and bruises. 

EXTRACTUM ARNIC.E RADICIS FLUIDUM (Fluid Extract of 
Arnica Root |. 

Prepared in the usual manner from arnica root No. 60, using a mix- 
ture of 750 parts alcohol and 250 parts water, as a menstruum. 

1 >ose : 5 to 10 minims (0.3 to 0.6 C.c). 



163 

TINCTURA ARNICA RADICIS (Tincture of Arnica Root). 

Prepared by macerating and percolating arnica root No. 40 with a 
mixture of 650 parts alcohol and 350 parts water. 

Dose : 20 to 30 minims (j.25 to 1.9 C.c). 

ASPIDOSPERMA (Quebracho). 

The bark of Aspidosperma Quebracho-bianco (nat. ord. Apocyna- 
g rowing in South America. 

Contains an alkaloid Aspidospermine CwH^NXX, and four other 
alkaloids : Aspidospermatine, aspidosamine, quebrachine, and quebra- 
chamine. Official in the fluid extract. It is anti-periodic. 

EXTRACTTM ASPIDOSPERMATIS FLUIDUM (Fluid Extract 
of Aspidosperma). 

Prepared in the usual manner from aspidosperma No. 60, using a 
mixture of alcohol, water and glycerin as the menstruum. 
Dose : 15 to 60 minims (0.9 to 3.75 C.c). 

APOMORPHINA HYDROCHLORAS (Apormorphine Hydrock> 
rate. C i: TI ir NO,HCI. 

The hydrochlorate of an artificial alkaloid prepared from morphine or 
codeine by heating in sealed tubes w r ith hydrochloric acid and should 
be kept in small amber-colored vials. It acquires a greenish tint on ex- 
posure to light and air. Soluble in alcohol and water, but little soluble 
in ether or chloroform. 

On adding sodium bicarbonate solution to an aqueous solution of the 
salt, it throws down the white amorphous alkaloid, which soon turns 
green on exposure to the air, and imparts a violet or blue color to chlo- 
roform, in which it is very soluble (difference from morphine). 

It is emetic. Hypodermic dose : \ 5 to T \ T of agr. (0.004 to o 006 gm.). 

BELLADONNA FOLIA (Belladonna Leaves), Deadly Nightshade. 

The leaves of Atropa Belladonna (nat. ord. Solanaceae), growing in 
Europe and cultivated in this country. 

Contains an alkaloid Atropine C ir HjNO ; and another one hyoscya- 
mine. Official in the alcoholic extract and tincture. Its action is the 
same as that of atropine. 

EXTRACTUM BELLADONNA FOLIORUM ALCOHOLICUM 
(Alcoholic Extract of Belladonna Leaves). 

Prepared by macerating and percolating belladonna leaves No. 60 with 
a mixture of 2 parts alcohol and 1 part water until exhausted, and evap- 
orating to a pilular consistence. 

Official in the plaster and ointment. Dose : \ to : \ of a grain (0.0 1 to 
0.021 gm.). 

EMPLASTRUM BELLADONNA (Belladonna Plaster).. 

Contains alcoholic extract of belladonna, resin plaster and soap plaster. 

Used in rheumatic and neuralgic pains. 



1(14 

UNGUENTUM BELLADONNA (Belladonna Ointment) 

Contains alcholic extract of belladonna rubbed with a little dilute 
alcohol ami mixed with benzoinated lard. 

TINCTURA BELLADONNA FOLIORUM (Tincture of Bella- 
donna Leaves). 

Prepared by macerating and percolating belladonna leaves No. 60 
with dilute alcohol. Dose: 15 to 30 drops (.9 to 1.9 C.c). 

BELLADQNWK RADIX (Belladonna Root), Deadly Nightshade. 

The root of Atropa Belladonna (nat. ord. Solanaceae). Contains three 
alkaloids : Atropine C^HgsNOs, Belladonnine C 17 H._, ; NC)^ and Hyoseya- 
mine. The root is more powerful than the leaves. Official in the 
fluid extract. Its uses are the same as those of the leaves. 

EXTRACTUM BELLADONNA RADICIS FLUIDUM (Fluid 
Extract of Belladonna Root). 

Prepared in the usual manner from belladonna root No. 60, using a 
mixture of 8 parts alcohol and 2 parts water as the menstruum. Official 
in belladonna liniment. Dose :' 1 to 2 minims (0.06 to 0.12 C.c). 

LINIMENTUM BELLADONNA (Belladonna Liniment). 

Prepared by dissolving camphor in fluid extract of Belladonna. 

ATROPINA (Atropine) C lr H, a N0 3 . 

An alkaloid obtained from belladonna, and as it occurs in commerce 
is always accompanied by a small proportion of hyoscyamine extracted 
along with it, from which it cannot be readily separated. 

It gradually assumes a yellowish tint on exposure to the air. Sparing- 
ly soluble in water, but very soluble in alcohol, ether and chloroform. 
Its aqueous solution, or that of any of its salts, is not precipitated by 
platinic chloride test solution (difference from most other alkaloids). 

It is inflammable, giving off an odor like thai of benzoic acid. It is a 
midriatic, sedative and stimulant to the respiratory centres. 

The treatment of poisoning by atropine consists in emptying the 
stomach, cold applications to the head, opium preparations internally 
and stimulants. Dose : 7 1 -, of a grain (0.00086 gm.) by mouth, and ro 3 o 
of a grain (0.00065 § m -) hypodermically. 

ATROPINA SULPHAS (Atropine Sulphate) (C 17 H. 2; .NO,) 2 , H 2 S0 4 . 

Prepared by dissolving atropine in a mixture of sulphuric acid and 
water and evaporating. 

Permanent in the air. Soluble in water and alcohol ; sparingly solu- 
ble in ether and chloroform. 

Used for the same purposes and in the same doses as atropine. 

CALUMBA (Columbo) Colombo. 

The root of Jeteorhiza palmata (nat. ord. Menispermacere), growing in 
Africa. Contains an alkaloid Berberine C. J() H 1: N0 4 , columbin, columbic 
acid C.^H.^O;, etc. Official in the fluid extract and tincture. It is a 
tonic. Dose : 10 to 30 grains (0.65 to 1.95 gm.). 



165 

EXTRACTUM CALUMB.E FLUIDUM (Fluid Extract of Columbo). 

Prepared in the usual manner from columbo No. 20, using a mixture 
of 75 parts alcohol and 25 parts water as the menstruum. 

Dose : 15 to 30 minims (0.9 to 1.9 C.c). 

TINCTURA CALUMB^E (Tincture of Columbo). 

Prepared by macerating and percolating columbo No. 20 with a mix- 
ture of 600 parts alcohol and 400 parts water. 

Dose : 1 to 4 fluid drachms (3.7 to 15 C.c). 

CHELIDONIUM (Celandine) Tetterwort. 

The entire plant of Cheiidonium majus (nat ord. Papaveraceae), grow- 
ing in the United States and Europe. Contains an alkaloid Chelidonine 
C._.,H;.,NO.-,. H._,0. and four other alkaloids: Chelerythrine, a-homocheli- 
donine, b-homochelidonine, protopine. 

It is an acrid purgative. 

Dose: 30 to 60 grains (1.9 to 3.9 gm.). 

CINCHONA (Cinchona) Cinchona Bark, Peruvian Bark. 

The bark of Cinchona Calisaya, Cinchona officinalis, and of hybrids 
of these and of other species of Cinchona (nat. ord. Rubiaceae) contain- 
ing not less than 5'^' of total alkaloids, and at least 2.5% of quinine. It 
grows in South America and contains 22 alkaloids of which the following 
are official : Quinine C 2I1 H L > 4 N. 2 2 , Quinidine C> ( ,H. 24 N 2 0.,, Cinchonine 
C,.,H.wN,0, and Cinchonidine C 1:) Ho 2 NoO. 

Official in the fluid extract, extract infusion and tincture. It is anti- 
periodic. 

EXTRACTUM CINCHONA (Extract of Cinchona). 

Prepared by macerating and percolating cinchona No. 60 with a mix- 
ture of 3 parts alcohol and 1 part water to exhaustion, distilling off the 
alcohol and evaporating to a pilular consistence. 

Dose : 10 to 30 grains (0.65 to 1.9 gm.). 

EXTRACTUM CINCHONA FLUIDUM (Fluid Extract of Cin- 
chona). 

Prepared in the usual manner from cinchona No. 60, using a mixture 
of glycerin, alcohol and water as the menstruum. Dose : 1 fluid drachm 
(3.75 C.c.;. 

INFUSUM CIXCHOXT (Infusion of Cinchona) Infusion of Yellow 
Bark. 

Prepared by percolating cinchona No. 40 with a mixture of water and 
aromatic sulphuric acid. The acid is used to extract the alkaloids. 

Incompatible with the alkalies, alkaline carbonates, alkaline earths, 
soluble salts of iron, zinc and silver, mercuric chloride, arsenous acid, 
tartar emetic, infusions and decoctions of galls, chamomile, columbo, 
cascarilla, horseradish, cloves, catechu, orange peel, foxglove, senna, 
rhubarb and valerian. Dose : 2 fluid ounces (60 C.c). 



166 

TINCTURA CINCHON.K (Tincture of Cinchona) Tincture of 
Yellow Cinchona. 

Prepared by macerating and percolating cinchona No. 60 with a mix- 
ture of glycerin, alcohol and water. Dose : 1 to 4 fluid drachms (3.7 to 
15 Co. ' 

CINCHONA RUBRA (Red Cinchona) Red Bark. 
■ The bark of Cinchona succirubra (nat. ord. Rubiaceae) and should 
contain not less than 5% of total alkaloids. 

Official in the compound tincture. 

TINCTURA CINCHONA COMPOSITA (Compound Tincture of 
Cinchona). 

Prepared by macerating and percolating a mixture of red cinchona 
No. 60, bitter orange peel No. 60, and serpentaria No. 60, with a mixture 
of glycerin, alcohol and water. Dose : 1 to 4 fluid drachms (3.7 to 15 
Cc.). 

CTNCHONIDIN.-E SULPHAS(CinchonidineSulphate),(C,,H, 2 X,0), 
H,SC) 4 . 3 H,0. 

The neutral sulphate of an alkalbid obtained from the bark of various 
species of cinchona, prepared from the mother liquors obtained in the 
manufacture of quinine sulphate, and is separated from the sulphates of 
the other alkaloids by fractional crystallization. 

It is slightly efflorescent on exposure to the air. Soluble in water and 
alcohol ; sparingly soluble in chloroform and ether. The presence of 
sulphates of other cinchona alkaloids increase its solubility in ether and 
chloroform. 

A solution of the salt (1 in 1000) in dilute sulphuric acid should not 
exhibit more than a faint blue florescence (absence of more than traces 
of the sulphates of quinine or quinidine). 

Its action is the same as that of quinine only less powerful. 

Dose : 3 to 30 grains (0.19 to 1.95 gm.). 

CINCHONINA (Cinchonine) C^H^NX). 

An alkaloid obtained from the bark of various species of Cinchona. 
Prepared by precipitating an aqueous solution of cinchonine sulphate 
with ammonia water. Permanent in the air. Sparingly soluble in water, 
partially soluble in alcohol, ether and chloroform. It may be distin- 
guished from quinine by failing to respond to the Thalleioquin test (see 
quinine). The test for quinine and quinidine is the same as in cinchoni- 
dine sulphate. 

Its action is the same as that of quinine only less powerful. 

Dose : 3 to 30 grains (0.19 to 1.95 gm.). 

CTNCHONIN/E SULPHAS (Cinchonine Sulphate) (C 19 H 22 N 2 0) 2 H 2 
S<>„ 2 H,(). 

The sulphate of an alkaloid obtained from the bark of various species 
of cinchona. Prepared from the mother liquor left after extracting 



167 

quinine sulphate. There are two cinchonine sulphates ; the neutral and 
the acid sulphate, the official salt being the neutral. 

Permanent in the air. Soluble in water, alcohol, and chloroform, in- 
soluble in ether. The test for quinine and quinidine is the same as in 
cinchonine. The acid sulphate or bisulphate (C^H^N^O, H 2 S0 4 , 3 H 2 0) 
may be prepared by adding sulphuric acid to the neutral sulphate. 

Used for the same purpose as quinine, only is less powerful. 

Dose : 5 to 30 grains (0.19 to 1.95 gm.). 

QUIXIDIN.E SULPHAS (Quinidine Sulphate), (C 20 H 24 N 2 O 2 ) 2 H 2 SO 4 , 
2 H,( ."). 

The neutral sulphate of an alkaloid obtained from the bark of several 
species of cinchona, and should be kept in well-stoppered bottles, in a 
dark place. The alkaloid quinidine is isomeric with quinine. 

Permanent in the air. Soluble in water and more so in alcohol, al- 
most insoluble in ether. 

A cold, saturated aqueous solution of the salt yields a white precipi- 
tate with potassium iodide test solution (difference from quinine sul- 
phate). The salt does not produce a red color when mixed with nitric 
acid (difference from morphine). 

Its action is the same as that of quinine only less powerful. Dose : 20 
to 60 grains (1.3 to 3.9 gm.). 

QUININA (Quinine) C 2 „H 24 N 2 2 , 3HX). 

An alkaloid obtained from the bark of several species of cinchona, 
and should be kept in well-stoppered bottles, in a dark place. Prepared 
by adding to a solution of quinine sulphate, a quantity of ammonia water 
or solution of soda just sufficient to precipitate the alkaloid. 

Permanent in the air. Sparingly soluble in water ; soluble in alcohol, 
ether, chloroform, benzin, benzol, ammonia water, and dilute acids. 
Quinine and its salts are distinguished from all other alkaloids and their 
salts, except quinidine and quinicine, by the beautiful emerald green 
color which results when their solutions are treated first with solution 
of chlorine and then with ammonia, and which changes to a white or 
violet upon saturation with a dilute acid (THALLELOQUIN TEST). 
A solution of quinine in dilute sulphuric acid has a vivid blue florescence. 

Quinine does not produce a red color when treated with nitric acid 
(difference from morphine). 

ft is a febrifuge, antiperiodic, antipyretic and uterine stimulant. Dose 
same as that of quinine sulphate. Official in citrate of iron and quinine 
and soluble citrate of iron and quinine. 

QU1XIX.K BISULPHAS (Quinine Bisulphate) C 20 H 2( N,O 2 H 2 S()„ 
7H/). 

Prepared by suspending quinine sulphate in water, adding a molecule 
of sulphuric acid, filtering and crystallizing, and should be kept in well- 
stoppered bottles, in a dark place. 



168 

It possesses great advantages over quinine sulphate in being soluble in 
water. Efflorescent on exposure to the air. Soluble in water and alcohol. 

The dose is about 15$ greater than that of the sulphate on account 
of the great proportion of acid in it. 

QUININE HYDROB ROMAS (Quinine Hydrobromate) C, H, t N,O 2 
HBr, H,0. 

Prepared by suspending quinine sulphate in water, boiling, adding 
barium bromide dissolved in water, filtering, evaporating and crystalliz- 
ing, and should be kept in well-stoppered bottles, in a dark place. 

It is liable to lose water on exposure to warm or dry air. Soluble in 
water, alcohol, ether and choloroform. 

Dose the same as that of quinine sulphate. 

QUININE HYDROCHLORAS (Quinine Hydrochlorate) C,„H LM X 2 
0,HC1, 2HX>. 

Obtained by the same process and from the same sources as quinine 
sulphate, the separated alkaloid being neutralized by hydrochloric acid 
and should be kept in well-stoppered bottles, in a dark place. 

It is liable to lose water when exposed to warm air. Soluble in water, 
alcohol and chloroform. 

Dose the same as that of quinine sulphate. 

QUININE SULPHAS (Quinine Sulphate) (C2oH 24 N 2 2 ) 2 H 2 S0 4 , 
7H 2 0. 

Prepared by acting on an acidulated aqueous infusion of cinchona 
with an alkali, neutralizing the alkaloid with sulphuric acid, purifying, 
and should be kept in well-stoppered bottles, in a dark place. 

It is liable to lose water when exposed to warm air and to absorb 
water when exposed to moist air, and to become colored on exposure to 
light. Sparingly soluble in water ; soluble in alcohol, glycerin and di- 
lute acids; sparingly soluble in chloroform. 

Incompatible with the alkalies and their carbonates, the alkaline 
earths, potassa, soda, ammonia, astringent infusions, soluble salts of 
lead, soluble salts of acetic, oxalic, tartaric and gallic acids. Sometimes 
adulterated with calcium sulphate, other alkaline earthy salts, sulphates 
of other cinchona alkaloids, gum, sugar, mannite, starch, stearin, caf- 
feine, salicin, etc. 

Official in the syrup of phosphates of iron, quinine and strychnine. 

Dose : 1 to 30 grains (0.065 to I -95 S m 0- 

QUININE VALER1ANAS (Quinine Valerianate) C^H^N^AQH,,, 
2 , HX>. 

Prepared by decomposing quinine sulphate by means of ammonia, 
and combining directly with valerianic acid. It should be kept in well- 
stoppered bottles, in a dark place. Permanent in the air. Soluble in 
water and more so in alcohol. Dose : 1 to 2 grains (0.065 to 0.13 gm.). 



169 

LECTURE XO. 22. 

COCA (Coca). 

The leaves of Erythroxylon Coca mat. ord. Lineae) growing in South 
America. 

Contains an alkaloid Cocaine, resin, tannin, an aromatic principle, ex- 
tractive, chlorophyll, etc. 

Official in the fluid extract. It is a nerve stimulant. Dose : 30 to 
60 grains (1.95 to 3.9 gm.). 

EXTRACTUM COC\E FLUIDUM (Fluid Extract of Coca). 

Prepared in the usual manner from coca Xo. 40, using dilute alcohol 
as the menstruum. 

Used as a nerve stimulant. Dose : 20 to 60 minims (1.25 to 3.75 C.c). 

COCAIX/E HVDROCHLORAS (^Cocaine Hydrochlorate) C lr H 21 
N0 4 , HC1. 

The hydrochlorate of an alkaloid obtained from coca. 

Permanent in the air. Soluble in water, alcohol, chloroform ; sparingly- 
soluble in ether. 

It is a cerebral stimulant and is often used as a local anaesthetic. 

Dose : ito 1 grain (0.032 to 0.065 gm.). 

LCHICI RADIX (Colchicum Root) Meadow Saffron Root. 

The corm of Colchicum autumnale (nat. ord. Liliaceae) growing in 
Europe and Xorthern Africa. 

Contains an alkaloid Colchicine upon which its properties depend. 

It should be collected from the early part of June to the middle of 
August. If collected early in the spring it is too young to have fully 
developed its peculiar properties, and later in the Fall it has become ex- 
hausted by nourishing the new plant. 

Official in the extract, fluid extract and wine. Used principally in the 
treatment of gout and rheumatism. 

EXTRACTUM COLCHICI RADICIS (Extract of Colchicum Root). 

Prepared by macerating and percolating colchicum root Xo. 60 with 
a mixture of acetic acid and water, and evaporating to a pilular consist- 
ence. The acid is used to render the alkaloid more soluble. 

Dose : 1 to 2 grains (0.065 to °- I 3 g m - • 

EXTRACTUM COLCHICI RADICIS FLUIDUM . Fluid Extract 
of Colchicum Root). 

Prepared in the usual manner from colchicum root Xo. 60. using a 
mixture of 2 parts alcohol and one part water as the menstruum. 

Dose : 2 to S minims 10.12 to 0.5 C.c). 

VINUM (OI/'HICT RADICIS - Wine of Colchicum Root). 

Prepared by percolating colchicum root Xo. 30 with a mixture of 
white wine and alcohol, and contains 4 

Dose . 10 to 60 minims (0.6 to 3.75 C.c), 
2> 



170 

COLCHICI SEMEN (Colchi. 

The seed of Colchicum autumnale (nat. ord. Liliaceae) and should be 
collected about the end of July or beginning of August. 

Contains an alkaloid Colchicine upon which its properties depend. 

Official in the fluid extract, tincture and wine. 

EXTRACTUM COLCHICI SEMINIS FLUIDUM (Fluid Extract 
Colchicum Seed). 

Prepared in the usual manner from colchicum seed No. 30, using a 
mixture of 2 parts alcohol and 1 part water as the menstruum. 

Dose: 2 to 8 minims (0.12 to 0.5 C.c). 

TINCTURA COLCHICI SEMINIS (Tincture of Colchicum Seed). 

Prepared by macerating and percolating colchicum seed No. 30 with a 
mixture of 6 parts alcohol and 4 parts water. Dose : J to 2 fluid 
drachms (1.9 to 7.5 C.c). 

VINUM COLCHICI SEMINIS (Wine of Colchicum Seed). 

Prepared by macerating colchicum seed No. 30 for seven days with 
a mixture of white wine and alcohol, and filtering, and contains 15%. 

Dose : J to 2 fluid drachms (1.9 to 7.5 C.c). 

CONIUM (Hemlock). 

The full-grown fruit of Conium maculatum (nat. ord. Umbelliferae), 
gathered while yet green, and growing in the United States and Europe. 

Contains a volatile alkaloid called Coniine C 8 H lr N, and a small quan- 
tity of volatile oil. 

Official in the extract and fluid extract. It is narcotic. 

EXTRACTUM CONII (Extract of Conium). 

Prepared by macerating and percolating conium No. 40 with a mix- 
ture of acetic acid and diluted alcohol and evaporating to a pilular con- 
sistence. The acid is used to fix the alkaloid coniine. 

Dose : .} to 1 grain (0.03 to 0.065 gm.). 

EXTRACTUM CONII FLUIDUM (Fluid Extract of Conium), 
Fluid F^xtract of Conium Seed. 

Prepared in the usual manner from Conium No. 40, using a mixture 
of acetic acid and diluted alcohol as the menstruum. 

Dose : 5 minims (0.3 C.c). 

ERGOT A (Ergot), Spurred Rye. 

The schlerotium of Claviceps purpurea replacing the grain of the rye, 
Secale cereale (nat. ord. Gramineae) growing in all parts of the United 
States. It should be only moderately dried, and preserved in a close 
vessel with a few drops of chloroform dropped upon it, from time to 
time, to prevent the development of insects. It should not be used 
when more than one year old. 

In all the Gramineae, or grass tribe, and in some of the Cyperaceae, 
the place of the seeds is sometimes occupied by a morbid growth 
which, from the resemblance to the spur of a cock, has received the 



171 

name of ergot, adopted from the French. It is most frequent in the 
rye. 

Contains, according to Menzel, two alkaloids Ecboline and Ergotine, 
which are its active principles. Tanret claims that ergot contains an 
unstable alkaloid Ergotinine, which is accompanied by a volatile cam- 
phoraceous substance. Dragendorff claims that it contains Schlerotic 
.or Schlerotinic .Acid, upon which its properties depend. It also con- 
tains Ergotin, a resinous substance, and a fixed oil. 

Ergot, when kept perfectly dry and in well-stoppered bottles, will 
keep its virtues for a long time, but when exposed to air and moisture it 
quickly undergoes a change and deteriorates. Official in the extract, 
fluid extract and wine. It is an oxytoxic. 

EXTRACTUM ERGOTyE (Extract of Ergot). 

Prepared by evaporating fluid extract of ergot to a pilular consist- 
ence at a temperature not exceeding 5o°C (i22°F). 
Dose : 5 to 30 grains (0.33 to 1.9 gm.). 

EXTRACTUM ERGOTS FLUIDUM (Fluid Extract of Ergot). 
Prepared in the usual manner frcm ergot No. 60, using a mixture of 
dilute alcohol and acetic acid as the menstruum. The acid is used to 
fix the alkaloids. Dose : J fluid drachm to J fluid ounce (1.9 to 15 C.c). 
VINUM ERGOT.E (Wine of Ergot). 

Prepared by percolating ergot No. 30 with a mixture of white wine 
and alcohol. 

Dose : 1 to 4 fluid drachms (3.75 to 15 C.c). 
DULCAMARA (Bittersweet), Woody Nightshade. 
The young branches of Solanum Dulcamara (nat. ord. Solanaceae), 
growing in the United States. 

Contains an alkaloid Solanine and a glucoside dulcamarine, gummy 
extract, gluten, green wax, resin, benzoic acid, starch, lignin and various 
salts of lime. 

Used chiefly in cutaneous eruptions. Official in the fluid extract. 
EXTRACTUM DULCAMAR.E FLUIDUM (Fluid Extract of Dul- 
camara). 

Prepared in the usual manner from Dulcamara No. 60, using dilute 
alcohol as the menstruum. 

Dose : 30 to 60 minims (1.9 to 3.75 C.c). 
GELSEMIUM (Yellow Jasmine). 

The rhizome and roots of Gelsemium sempervirens (nat. ord. Logan- 
iaceae), growing in the United States. 

Contains an alkaloid Gelsemine, gelseminic acid, gum, starch, pectic 
acid, albumen, gallic acid, fixed oil, a fatty resin, a dry acrid resin, vola- 
tile oil, etc. 

It is a cardiac sedative. Antidotes : Emetics and morphine, strychnine 
and atropine hypodermically. Official in the tincture and fluid extract. 



172 

EXTRACTUM GELSEM1I FLUIDUM (Fluid Extract of Gel- 
semium). 

Prepared in the usual manner from gelsemium No. 60, using alcohol 
as the menstruum. 

1 >< >se : 2 to 3 minims (o. 12 to o. 18 C.c ). 

TINCTURA GELSEMII (Tincture of Gelsemium). 

Prepared by macerating and percolating gelsemium No. 60 with a 
mixture of 650 parts alcohol and 350 parts water. 

Dose : 10 to 20 minims (0.6 to 1.25 C.c). 

GRANATUM (Pomegranate). 

The bark of the stem and root of Punica Granatum (nat. ord. Lyth- 
rariea), growing on the shores of the Mediterranean and in the East and 
West Indies. 

Contains an alkaloid Pelletierine C s H 1; .NO, upon which its properties 
depend, tannic acid, mannite, etc. 

It is an astringent and vermifuge. Dose : 20 to 30 grains {1.3 to 1.95 
gm.). 

GRINDELIA (Grindelia). 

The leaves and flowering tops of Grindelia robusta and of Grindelia 
squarrosa (nat. ord. Composite), growing in North and South America. 

Contains an alkaloid Grindeline, an oil resembling oil of turpentine 
and resin. Official in the fluid extract. It is antispasmodic. 

EXTRACTUM GRINDELIA FLUIDUM (Fluid Extract of Grin- 
delia). 

Prepared in the usual manner from grindelia No. 30, using alcohol as 
the menstruum. Dose: J to 1 fluid drachm (1.9 to 3.75 C.c). 

GUARANA (Guarana). 

A dried paste chiefly consisting of the crushed or pounded seeds of 
Paullinia cupana (nat. ord. Sapindaceae) growing in South America. 

Contains an alkaloid Guaranine, identical with caffeine, tannic acid, 
gum, starch, albumen, a greenish fixed oil, etc. 

It is a nerve stimulant. Official in the fluid extract. 

EXTRACTUM GUARANyE FLUIDUM (Fluid Extract of Guarana). 

Prepared in the usual manner from guarana No. 80, using a mixture 
of 750 parts alcohol and 250 parts water as the menstruum. 

Dose : 1 to 2 fluid drachms (3.75 to 7.5 C.c). 

( • A FFEINA (Caffeine) C (S H 1(( N 4 2 , H,0. Theine, Guaranine. 

An alkaloid obtained from tea, coffee or guarana. 

Permanent in the air. Soluble in water, alcohol and chloroform, 
sparingly soluble in ether. 

Its aqueous solution should not be precipitated by mercuric potassium 
iodide test solution (absence of other alkaloids). It is a cerebral stimu- 
lant and diuretic. Dose : 3 to 8 grains (0.194 to 0.51 gm.). 



173 

CAFFEINA CITRATA (Citrated Caffeine) Citrate of Caffeine. 

Prepared by dissolving caffeine in a solution of citric acid in water, 
evaporating to dryness, powdering and placing in well-stoppered bottles. 

It is not regarded as a chemical salt, but a mechanical mixture. Solu- 
ble in water and alcohol. Used for the same purposes and in the same 
doses as caffeine. 

CAFFEINA CITRATA EFFERVESCENS (Effervescent Citrate of 
Caffeine). 

Contains i r / ' ( caffeine citrate, citric acid, sodium bicarbonate, tartartic 
acid and sugar. Uose : i teaspoonful. 

HYDRASTIS (Golden Seal) Yellow Root, Yellow Puccoon, Orange 
Root, Indian Dye, Indian Tumeric. 

The rhizome and roots of Hydrastis Canadensis (nat. ord. Ranun- 
culaceae) growing in the United States. 

Contains two alkaloids Hydrastine C 21 H 2 iN0 6 and Berberine, albumen, 
starch, fatty matter. 

It is alterative, tonic, cholagogue, diuretic, etc. Official in the glyc- 
erite, fluid extract and tincture. 

GLYCERITUM HYDRASTIS (Glycerite of Hydrastis). 

Prepared by macerating and percolating hydrastis No. 60 with alcohol 
to exhaustion, adding water, distilling off the alcohol, filtering and add- 
ing glycerin. 

Dose : i to 1 fluid drachm (1.87 to 3.75 C.c). 

EXTRACTUM HYDRASTIS FLUIDUM (Fluid Extract of Hy- 
drastis). 

Prepared in the usual manner from hydrastis No. 60, using a mixture 
of alcohol, glycerin and water as the menstruum. 

Dose : J to 1 fluid drachm (1.87 to 3.75 C.c). 

TJNCTURA HYDRASTIS (Tincture of Hydrastis). 

Prepared by macerating and percolating hydrastis No. 60 with dilute 
alcohol. 

Dose : h to 1 fluid drachm (1.87 to 3.75 C.c). 

HYDRASTIXIXE HYDROCHLORAS (Hydrastinine Hydrochlo- 
ratej C U H„N0 2 HC1. 

The hydrochlorate of an artificial alkaloid derived from hydrastine, 
the latter being a colorless alkaloid obtained from hydrastis. 

Deliquescent on exposure to damp air, and should be kept in well- 
stoppered vials. Soluble in water and alcohol ; sparingly soluble in 
ether and chloroform. 

It is an active oxytoxic Dose : -\ to i.l grains (0.05 to 0.1 gm.). 

HYOSCYAMUS (Henbane). 

The leaves and flowering tops of Hyoscyamus niger mat ord. Solana- 
ceas) collected from plants of the second year's growth. 



174 

Contains a crystallizable alkaloid Hysocyamine and an amorphous one 
1 [yoscine. Similar in its action to belladonna, but is more of a hypnotic. 

Official in the extract, fluid extract and tincture. Dose : 5 to 10 grains 
(0.33 to 0.65 gm.). 

EXTRACTUM HYOSCYAMI (Extract of Hysocyamus). 

Prepared by exhausting hyocyamus No. 60 with a mixture of alcohol 
and water, distilling off the alcohol, and evaporating the remainder to a 
pilular consistence. 

Dose : 1 to 2 grains (0.065 t0 °- I 3 S m 0* 

EXTRACTUM HYOSCYAMI FLUIDUM (Fluid Extract of Hyos- 
cyamus). 

Prepared in the usual manner from hyoscyamus Xo. 60, using a mix- 
ture of 2 parts alcohol and 1 part water as a menstruum. 

Dose : 5 minims (0.3 C.c). 

TINCTURA HYOSCYAMI (Tincture of Hyoscyamus). 

Prepared by macerating and percolating hyoscyamus X T o. 60 with 
dilate alcohol. 

Dose : 1 fluid drachm (3.75 C.c). 

HYOSCIX^E HYDROBROMAS (Hyoscine Hydrobromate) C 17 Ha 
XT) 4 HBr, 3HO. It should be kept in well-stoppered small vials. 

Permanent in the air. Soluble in water and alcohol ; sparingly solu- 
ble in ether and chloroform. 

It is soporific. Dose : T ^o to tjV of a grain (0.00054 to 0.0011 gm.). 

HYOSCYAMINE HYDROBROMAS (Hyoscyamine Hydrobromate) 
C^H^XO.HBr. 

The hydrobromate of an alkaloid obtained from hyoscyamus, and 
should be kept in small, well-stoppered vials. 

Deliquescent on exposure to the air. Soluble in water and alcohol. 
Its medical properties are the same as that of the sulphate. 

HYOSCYAMINE SULPHAS (Hyoscyamine Sulphate) (C 17 H„XO,\, 
H,S0 4 . 

The neutral sulphate of an alkaloid obtained from hyoscyamus, and 
should be kept in small, well-stoppered vials. 

Deliquescent in damp air. Soluble in water and alcohol. Sparingly 
soluble in ether and chloroform. It is a midriatic, but less powerful 
than atropine. Dose : & of a grain (0.0008 gm.). 

IPECACUANHA (Ipecac). 

The root of Cephaslis Ipecacuanha (nat. ord. Rubiaceae) growing in 
Brazil. 

Contains an alkaloid Emetine C^H^NA), (Wurtz), extractive, sugar, 
resin, volatile oil, and a glucoside ipecacuanhic acid. 

Official in the fluid extract, powder of ipecac and opium, troches, 
troches of morphine and ipecac. It is emetic, diaphoretic and expecs 
torant. 



175 

EXTRACTUM IPECACUANHA FLUIDUM (Fluid Extract of 
Ipecac). 

Prepared in the usual manner from ipecac No. So, using a mixture of 
750 parts alcohol and 250 parts water as the menstruum. 

Official in tincture of ipecac and opium, syrup and wine. 

Dose as an emetic : 15 to 30 minims (0.9 to 1.9 C.c). 

SYRUPUS IPECACUANHA (Syrup of Ipecac). 

Prepared by adding water with acetic acid to fluid extract of ipecac, 
filtering, adding glycerin, and dissolving sugar in the solution. One 
fluid ounce contains the virtues of about 30 grains of ipecac. Dose as 
an expectorant : 30 to 60 minims (1.9 to 3.7 C.c). As an emetic : 4 to 
S fluid drachms (15 to 30 C.c). 

VINUM IPECACUANA (Wine of Ipecac). 

Prepared by adding fluid extract of ipecac to a mixture of alcohol and 
white wine, setting aside for a few days and filtering. 

Dose as an emetic : 1 fluid ounce (30 C.c). As an expectorant and 
diaphoretic : 10 to 30 minims (0.6 to 1.9 C.c). 

TROCHISCI IPECACUANHA (Troches of Ipecac). 

Contains ipecac Xo. 60, tragacanth, sugar and syrup of orange. Each 
lozenge contains about one-third of a grain of ipecac. 

LOBELIA (Lobelia) Indian Tobacco. 

The leaves and tops of Lobelia inflata (nat. ord. Lobeliaceas) collected 
after a portion of the capsules have been inflated. Growing in all parts 
of the L T nited States. 

Contains a volatile alkaloid Lobeline, volatile oil, lobelic acid, gum, 
resin, chlorophyll, fixed oil, lignin, etc. 

Official in the fluid extract and tincture. Used principally in the 
treatment of spasmodic asthma. 

EXTRACTUM LOBELIA FLUIDUM (Fluid Extract of Lobelia). 

Prepared in the usual m inner from Lobelia Xo. 60, using dilute alco- 
hol as the menstruum. 

Dose as an expectorant : 1 to 5 minims (0.06 to 0.3 C.c). As an 
emetic : 10 to 20 minims To. 6 to 1.25 C.c). 

TINCTURA LOBELIA (Tincture of Lobelia). 

Prepared by macerating and percolating lobelia Xo. 40 with dilute 
alcohol. Dose: £ to 1 fluid drachm (1.9 to 3.75 C.c). 

MENISPERMUM (Canadian Moonseed) Yellow Parilla. 

The rhizome and roots of Menispermum Canadense (nat. ord. Men- 
ispermacea;; growing in the United States. 

Contains an alkaloid Menispine, berberine, starch, etc. 

Official in the fluid extract. It is a tonic 

EXTRACTUM MENISPERMI FLUIDUM (Fluid Extract of Men- 
ispermum;. 



176 

Prepared in the usual manner from menispermum No. 60, using a 
mixture of 2 puts alcohol and 1 part water as the menstruum. 

Dose : i to 1 fluid drachm (1.9 to 3.75 C.C.). 

MX VOMICA (Nux Vomica) Quaker Buttons, Poison Nut. 

The seed of Strychnos Nux Vomica (nat. ord. Loganiaceae) growing 
in the East Indies Bengal, Ceylon, Malabar, and in many islands of 
the Indian Archipelago. 

Contains two alkaloids Strychnine C 2 lH 2J N 2 2 and Brucine C^H^N./),, 
yellow coloring matter, a concrete oil, gum, starch, wax, etc. 

Official in the extract and fluid extract. It is a cardiac stimulant. 

EXTRACTUM NUCIS VOMICA (Extract of Nux Vomica). 

Prepared by macerating and percolating nux vomica No. 60 with a 
mixture of acetic acid, alcohol and water to exhaustion, distilling off the 
alcohol, shaking with ether, removing the ether, concentrating by evap- 
oration, estimating the alkaloids, and adjusting to the strength of 15% of 
total alkaloids with sugar of milk and keeping in well-stoppered bottles. 

The acetic acid is used to soften the tough tissues of the nux vomica, 
and the ether is used to extract the oily substances. 

Official in the tincture. Dose : -J of a grain (0.016 gm.), equivalent to 
about ^ 7 of a grain of total alkaloids. 

TINCTURA NUCIS VOMICA (Tincture of Nux Vomica.) 

Prepared by dissolving extract of nux xomica, dried at a temperature 
of joo°C (2i2°F), in a mixture of 3 volumes alcohol and 1 volume water, 
and contains 2% extract, equivalent to 0.3% total alkaloids. 

Dose: 20 minims (1.25 C.c). 

EXTRACTUM NUCIS VOMICA FLUIDUM (Fluid Extract of 
Nux Vomica). 

Prepared by digesting and percolating nux vomica No 60 with a mix- 
ture of acetic acid, alcohol and water, to exhaustion, distilling off the 
alcohol, concentrating the remainder by evaporation, assaying and ad- 
justing so that it will contain 1.5% of total alkaloids, with a mixture of 
3 parts alcohol and 1 part water. 

Dose : 3 minims (0.18 C.c), equivalent to about 23 of a grain of total 
alkaloids. 

STRYCHNINA (Strychnine) C 21 H 22 N 2 2 . 

An alkaloid obtained from nux vomica, and also obtained from plants 
of the Loganiaceae. 

Permanent in the air. Sparingly soluble in water, but soluble in alco- 
hol and chloroform ; almost insoluble in ether. It is liable to contain 
impurities, the chief of which, besides brucine, are coloring matter, lime 
and magnesia. Nitric acid does not redden it if it is pure, but reddens 
it if it contains brucine. Neither nitric acid or sulphuric acid color 
pure strychnine. Used in preparing citrate of iron and strychnine, and 
syrups of the phosphates of iron, quinine and strychnine. 



177 

LECTURE NO. 23. 

STRYCHNINA (Continued). 

It is a cardiac stimulant and tonic. There is no reliable chemical an- 
tidote to strychnine ; tannic acid or soluble iodine, or a soluble iodide 
may be given which form alkaloidal compounds sparingly soluble, but 
strychnine iodide and tannate are poisonous and are capable of causing 
death. It is necessary first to produce vomiting, then absolute quiet, 
and the use of such spinal sedatives as chloroform, amyl nitrite, opium, 
chloral, and potassium bromide. The treatment of strychnine poisoning 
should be confined wholly to the physician and not attempted by the 
pharmacist. Dose the same as that of the sulphate. 

STRYCHNINE SULPHAS (Strychnine Sulphate) (C 21 H 22 N 2 2 ) 2 
H 2 S0 4 , 5H0O. It should be kept in well stoppered vials. 

Efflorescent in dry air. Soluble in alcohol and more so in water. 
Almost insoluble in ether. 

Dose : -V of a grain (0.0032 gm.). 

OPIUM (Opium). 

The concrete, milky exudation obtained by incising the unripe cap- 
sules of Papaver somniferum (nat. ord. Papaveraceas) and should yield 
in its normal, moist condition not less than 9% of crystallized morphine. 
It grows in India, Persia, Egypt and Asiatic Turkey. 

Contains 19 alkaloids of which Morphine and Codeine are official ; 
two acids are found combined with these alkaloids, namely : Meconic 
and Lactic acid, together with mucilage, pectic matter, and a glucose 
sugar. 

Incompatible with alkalies, vegetable infusions containing tannic or 
gallic acids. It is a stimulant narcotic. Dose : 1 grain (0.065 g in -)- 

Antidotes : Emetics, stimulants and keep the patient in motion. 

OPIUM PULVIS (Powdered Opium). 

Prepared by drying opium at a temperature not exceeding 85°C(i85°F), 
reducing to a fine No. 80 powder, and should contain not less than 13% 
nor more than 15^ of crystallized morphine. 

Official in the vinegar, extract, deodorized opium, pill, powder of 
ipecac and opium, tincture, deodorized tincture, troches of licorice and 
opium and wine. 

OPIUM DEODORATUM (Deodorized Opium) Denarcotized Opium. 

Prepared by macerating powdered opium with ether and decanting 
(to remove the odorous principles), repeating the maceration twice, dry- 
ing the washed opium and adding sufficient sugar of milk to make the 
original weight. 

ACETUM OPII (Vinegar of Opium), Black Drop. 

Contains 107^ of powdered opium, nutmeg, sugar and dilute acetic 
acid. Dose : 10 to 15 drops (0.6 to 1 C.c). 
23 



178 

I \ rRACTUM 0PI1 (Extract of Opium). 

Prepared by triturating powdered opium with water, filtering, con- 
centrating the filtrate, estimating the morphine, and adding sugar of 
milk so that the finished extract will contain iS', of morphine, and 
.should be kept in well-stoppered vials. 

Pose : A grain (0.033 gm.). Official in the plaster. 

EMPLASTRUM OPJ1 (Plaster of Opium). 

Contains extract of opium 6%, burgundy pitch and lead plaster. 

IMI.ri.l-: OPII .Pills of Opium). 

Each pill contains 1 grain of powdered opium made into a mass with 
soap and water. Dose: 1 pill. 

PULVIS IPECACUANHA ET OPII (Powder of Ipecac and 
Opium") Dover's Powder. 

Contains 10',, each of powdered ipecac and opium and So',,' sugar of 
milk. It is an anodyne diaphoretic. Dose: 5 to 15 grains (0.33 to 
1 gm. 1. 

TINCTURA OPII (Tincture of Opium) Laudanum, Tincture of 
Thebaica. 

Prepared by mixing together powdered opium and precipitated cal- 
cium phosphate, macerating with water for twelve hours, which has been 
heated to not over 9o°C (i94°F\ adding alcohol, percolating and making 
up the loss with dilute alcohol. 

Contains 10', of powdered opium, equivalent to from 1.3 to 1.5% of 
morphine. Opium in fine powder cannot be easily permeated, but if 
mixed with £ its weight of an insoluble powder like calcium phosphate 
there will be no difficulty. 

Dose: 11 minims or 22 drops (0.65 C.c), equivalent to 1 grain of 
opium. 

TINCTURA OPII CAMPHORATA (Camphorated Tincture of 
Opium) Paregoric, Compound Tincture of Camphor, Paregoric Elixir. 

Contains 04', powdered opium, benzoic acid, camphor, oil of anise, 
glycerin and dilute alcohol. 

Dose for an infant : 5 to 20 drops (0.3 to 1.25 C.c). For an adult : 
1 to 4 fluid drachms (3.75 to 15 C.c. 1. 

TINCTURA OPII DEODORATA (Deodorized Tincture of Opium). 

Prepared by mixing powdered opium with precipitated calcium phos- 
phate, macerating with water for twelve hours, that has previously been 
heated to not over 9o"C | I94°F), percolating to exhaustion, concentrat- 
ing by evaporation, shaking with ether, decanting off the ethereal layer 
and evaporating off the remainder, mixing the residue with water, filter- 
ing, and adding alcohol. 

The strength is the same as that of tincture of opium. The ether is 
used to remove narcotine and other noxious matter. 



179 

Official in tincture of ipecac and opium. Its uses and doses are the 
same as those of tincture of opium. 

TINCTURA IPECACUANHA ET OPII (Tincture of Ipecac and 
Opium i Tincture of Dover's Powder. 

Prepared by evaporating deodorized tincture of opium and when cold 
adding fluid extract of ipecac, filtering and making up the required 
quantity with dilute alcohol. 

Dose : 10 minims (0.6 C.c), which represents 1 grain (0.065 S m eacn 
of powdered opium and ipecac. 

TROCHISCI GLYCYRRH1Z.E ET OPII (Troches of Licorice and 
Opium) Opium Lozenges. 

Contain extract of Licorice, powdered opium, acacia, sugar, oil of 
anise and water. Each troche contains about T x _ y of a grain of opium. 
VlNTJM OPII (Wine of Opium) Sydenham's Laudanum. 
Prepared by percolating powdered opium, cassia cinnamon No. 60, and 
cloves No. 60 mixed together with a mixture of white wine and alcohol. 
The strength is the same as that of tincture of opium. 
Dose : 15 to 20 drops (0.9 to 1.25 C.c). 
CODEIXA (Codeine) C ls H. 21 NO,. H 2 0. 
An alkaloid obtained from opium. 

Efflorescent in the air. Soluble in water and more so in alcohol, ether 
and chloroform. It is extracted along with morphine in the preparation 
of the hydrochlorate ; the solution when treated with ammonia precipi- 
tates the morphine, leaving the codeine in solution, which may be ob- 
tained by evaporation and crystallization. 

It may be artificially prepared from morphine by treatment with 
methyl iodide and fixed alkali. 

If codeine is added to nitric acid, and warmed, it turns yellow (differ- 
ence from or absence of morphine). It is a very feeble alkaloid. 
Dose : 1 grain (0.065 gm.). 
MORPHINA (Morphine) C ir H„NO,, H 2 0. 

An alkaloid obtained from opium, by macerating with acid and water, 
precipitating with ammonia, purifying with alcohol, or by repeated solu- 
tion in a dilute acid and precipitating. Permanent in the air. Sparingly 
soluble in water and more so in alcohol. 

On treating morphine with cold concentrated sulphuric acid and add- 
ing a crystal of potassium permaganate, only a greenish color should be 
produced and no purple or violet color (difference from strychnine). On 
the addition of nitric acid it turns red (difference from quinine). 
It is a narcotic. Dose : \ to \ grain (0.016 to 0.032 gm.). 
MORPHINE ACETAS (Morphine Acetate) C i: H 1;i NO( *,H,0„ 
3HA 

Prepared by dissolving morphine hydrochlorate in water, precipitating 
with solution of ammonia, dissolved in acetic acid, evaporating and 
crystallizing, and should be kept in well-stoppered, dark amber vials. 



180 

It slowly loses acetic acid when exposed to the air. Soluble in water 
and alcohol. Sparingly soluble in ether and chloroform. Its action and 
dose is the same as that of morphine. 

MORPHINE 1 1 \ DROCHLORAS (Morphine Hydrochlorate) 
C 17 H 19 NO s HCl, 3IIA Morphine Muriate. 

Permanent in the air. Soluble in water and alcohol. Sparingly solu- 
ble in ether and chloroform. 

Use and dose the same as that of morphine. 

MORPHINE SULPHAS (Morphine Sulphate) (C 17 H 19 N0 8 ) 2 H 2 S0 4 
5 H L ,0. 

Prepared by dissolving morphine in sulphuric acid and water, kept 
hot, and setting aside to crystallize. 

Permanent in the air. Soluble in water and less so in alcohol. Al- 
most insoluble in ether. Its tests, uses and dose are the same as those 
for morphine. 

Official in compound powder of morphine and troches of morphine 
and ipecac. 

PULVIS MORPHINE COMPOSITUS (Compound Powder of 
Morphine) Tully's Powder. 

Contains morphine sulphate, licorice No. 60, precipitated calcium 
carbonate, camphor, and should be kept in well-stoppered bottles. 

Dose : 10 grains (0.65 gm.), containing | of a grain (0.01 gm.) of mor- 
phine. 

TROCHISCI MORPHINzE ET IPECACUANHA (Troches of 
Morphine and Ipecac). 

Contain morphine sulphate, ipecac No. 60, oil of wintergreen, sugar 
and mucilage of tragacanth. 

Each troche contains iV of a grain of morphine (0.0016 gm.) and i\ of 
a grain (0^005 gm.) of ipecac. 

PAREIRA (Pareira Brava). 

The root of Chondodendron tomentosum (nat. ord. Menispermaceae), 
growing in Brazil. Contains an alkaloid Pelosine, a soft resin, etc. 

Official in the fluid extract. It is tonic, aperient and diuretic. 

EXTRACTUM PAREIRA FLUIDUM (Fluid Extract of Pareira). 

Prepared in the usual manner from pareira No. 40, using a mixture of 
alcohol, glycerin and water as the menstruum. 

Dose : 1 to 2 fluid drachms (3.75 to 7.5 C.c). 

PHYSOSTIGMA (Calabar Bean). 

The seed of Physostigma venenosum (nat. ord. Leguminosse), grow- 
ing in Calabar, India and Brazil. 

Contains an alkaloid Physostigmine. 

Official in the extract and tincture. It is an alterative and myotic. 

Antidotes : Emetics, stomach pump and atropine. 



181 

EXTRACTUM PHYSOSTIGMATIS (Extract of Physostigma). 

Prepared by exhausting physostigma No. 80 with alcohol, distilling off 
the alcohol, and evaporating to a pilular consistence. 

Dose : ts to l of a grain (0.004 to °- or g m -)- 

TINCTURA PHYSOSTIGMATIS (Tincture of Physostigma). 

Prepared by macerating and percolating physostigma No. 40 with 
alcohol. 

Dose : 20 to 40 minims (1.25 to 2.5 C.c). 

PHYSOSTIGMINE SALICYLAS (Physostigmine Salicylate) C 15 H 21 
N 3 2 C r H 6 3 . Eseririe Salicylate. 

The salicylate of an alkaloid obtained from physostigma, and should 
be kept in small, dark amber colored, well-stoppered vials. 

It acquires a reddish tint on exposure to light and air for a long 
time. Soluble in water and more so in alcohol. 

It is a myotic. For use in the eyes a solution of 1 to 2 grains to the 
ounce is the usual strength. Dose internally : sV of a grain (0.0008 gm.). 

PHYSOSTIGMINE SULPHAS (Physostigmine Sulphate) (C^H^ 
N 2 2 H 2 S0 4 . Eserine Sulphate. 

The sulphate of an alkaloid obtained from physostigma, and should 
be kept in small, dark amber colored and well-stoppered vials. 

It is very deliquescent when exposed to moist air, and gradually turns 
reddish when exposed to the air and light. Soluble in water and alcohol. 

Its uses and doses are the same as that of the salicylate. 

Eserine either in solution or in the form of gelatin disks containing 
from 50V0 to toVo of a grain, is used as a myotic. 

PILOCARPUS (Jaborandi). 

The leaflets of Pilocarpus Selloanus and of Pilocarpus Jaborandi, 
(nat. ord. Rutaceai), growing in Brazil. 

Contains two alkaloids Pilocarpine and Jaborine, tannic acid, a vol- 
atile acid, etc. Official in the extract. It is a diaphoretic. 

Dose : 20 to 60 grains (1.3 to 3.9 gm.). 

-EXTRACTUM PILOCARPI FLUIDUM (Fluid Extract of Pilo- 
carpus;. 

Prepared in the usual manner from pilocarpus No. 40, using dilute 
alcohol as the menstruum. 
- Dose : 15 to 30 minims (0.9 to 1.9 C.c). 

PILOCARPINE HYDROCHL0RAS (Pilocarpine Hydrochlorate) 
C U H 16 N 2 2 HC1. 

The hydrochlorate of an alkaloid obtained from pilocarpus, and should 
be kept in small well-stoppered vials. 

Deliquescent on exposure to damp air. Soluble in water and alcohol. 
Almost insoluble in ether and chloroform. It is a diaphoretic and my- 
otic. Dose : \ of a grain (.008 gm.;. 



182 

PYRETHRUM (Pellitory) Pellitory of Spain. 

The root of Anacyclus Pyrethrum (nat. ord. Compositae), growing in 
the Levant, Barbary, and on the Mediterranean coast of Europe. 

Contains an alkaloid Pyrethrine, fixed oil, tannin, gum, etc. 

Official in the tincture. It is a powerful irritant and a Sialagogue. 

TINCTURA PYRETHRI (Tincture of Pyrethrum). 

Prepared by macerating and percolating pellitory No. 40 with alcohol. 

It is a powerful local irritant, and is used in some mouth and tooth 
washes. 

SANGUINARIA (Bloodroot) Puccoon, Tetterwort, Indian Paint. 

The rhizome of Sanguinaria Canadensis (nat. ord. Papaveraceae), 
growing in the United States. 

Contains four alkaloids Sanguinarine, C 2 oH 15 N0 4 chelerythrine, homo- 
chelidonine and protopine. It is a stimulant narcotic and expectorant. 
Official in the fluid extract and tincture. Dose as an emetic: 10 to 20 
grains (0.65 to 1.3 gm.). As an expectorant: 1 to 5 grains (0.065 to 
0.33 gm.). 

EXTRACTUM SANGUINARIA FLUIDUM (Fluid Extract of 
Sanguinaria). 

Prepared in the usual manner from sanguinaria No. 60, using a mix- 
ture of acetic acid, alcohol and water as the menstruum. 

Dose : 3 to 5 minims (0.18 to 0.3 C.c). 

TINCTURA SANGUINARIA (Tincture of Sanguinaria). 

Prepared by macerating and percolating bloodroot No. 60 with a mix- 
ture of acetic acid, alcohol and water as the menstruum. 

The acetic acid in bloodroot preparations is to partially prevent pre- 
cipitation. Dose : 30 to 60 drops (1.9 to 3.75 C.c). 

SCOPARIUS (Broom) Broom Tops. 

The tops of Cytisus Scoparius (nat. ord. Leguminoseae), growing in 
the United States. 

Contains an alkaloid called Sparteine C 15 H 26 N 2 , a principle called 
Scoparin C^H^Oio, volatile oil, wax, fatty matter, chlorophyll, yellow 
coloring matter, tannin, mucilage, albumen, etc. 

Official in the fluid extract. It is diuretic and cathartic. 

EXTRACTUM SCOPARII FLUIDUM (Fluid Extract of Scopa- 
rius). 

Prepared in the usual manner from scoparius No. 60, using dilute 
alcohol as a menstruum. Dose : 20 to 40 minims (1.3 to 2.6 C.c). 

SPARTEINE SULPHAS (Sparteine Sulphate) CtfH^NgHaSO*, 
4ILO. 

The neutral sulphate of an alkaloid obtained from scoparius. 
It is liable to attract moisture when exposed to damp air. Soluble in 
alcohol and water. 

It is a cardiac stimulant. Dose : \ of a grain (0.011 gm.). 



183 

SPIGELIA (Pinkroot). 

The rhizome and rootlets of Spigelia marilandica (nat. ord. Legumi- 
Doseae), growing in the United States. 

Contains an alkaloid Spigeline, volatile oil, tannic acid, inert extrac- 
tive, wax, lignin, resin, etc. 

Official in the fluid extract. It is an anthelmintic. 

EXTRACTUM SPIGELLL FLUIDUM (Fluid Extract of Spigelia). 

Prepared in the usual manner from spigelia No. 60, using dilute 
alcohol as the menstruum. 

Dose for an adult : 1 to 2 fluid drachms (3.75 to 7.5 C.c). For chil 
dren : 10 to 20 minims (o 6 to 1.25 C.c). 

STAPHISAGRIA (Stavesacre) Stavesacre Seed. 

The seed of Delphinium Staphisagria (nat. ord. Ranunculaceas), grow- 
ing in the South of Europe. 

Contains four alkaloids, Delphinine, C^H^NO^ delphinoidine C 4L .H rts 
N 2 7 ,fdelphisine CVFU,X.,0 4 , staphisagrine CgoH-XO,. 

It is emetic and cathartic. 

STILLIXGIA (Queensroot) Silver Leaf, Queen's Delight. 

The' root of Stillingia sylvatica (nat. ord. Euphorbiaceae), growing in 
United States. 

Contains an alkaloid Stillingine and a volatile oil. 

Official in the fluid extract. It is emetic, cathartic, and alterative. 

EXTRACTUM STILLINGINE FLUIDUM (Fluid Extract of Still- 
ingia 1. 

Prepared in the usual manner from Stillingia X T o. 40, using dilute 
alcohol as the menstruum. Dose : 15 to 45 minims (0.9 to 2.8 C.c.) 

STRAMOXII FOLIA ('Stramonium Leaves) Thornapple Leaves. 

The leaves of Datura Stramonium (nat. ord. Solanacese) growing in 
Russia and the United States. 

STRAMOXII SEMEX (Stramonium Seed) Thornapple. 

The seed of Datura Stramonium (nat. ord. Solanaceae). Stramonium 
contains an alkaloid Daturine (which is isomeric with hyoscyamine) 
and atropine. 

Official in the extract, fluid extract and tincture. Its uses are the 
same as those of belladonna. 

p EXTRACTUM STRAMONII SEMIXIS (Extract of Stramonium 
Seedi. 

Prepared by macerating and percolating stramonium seed Xo. 60 
with dilute alcohol, and evaporating to a pilular consistence. Dose : ' 
to J of a grain fo.010 to 0.016 gm.j. Official in the ointment. 

UXGUEXTUM STRAMONII (Ointment of Stramonium). 

Prepared by rubbing extract of stramonium seed with a little diluted 
alcohol, and mixed with benzoinated lard. 

Used as an anodyne in ulcers, etc. 



184 

EXTRACTUM STRAMONII SEMINIS FLUIDUM (Fluid Ex- 
tract of Stramonium Seed). 

Prepared in the usual manner from stramonium seed No. 60, using 
a mixture of 750 parts alcohol and 250 water as the menstruum. 

Dose : 1 to 2 minims (0.06 to o 12 C.c). 

TINCTURA STRAMONII SEMINIS (Tincture of Stramonium 
Seed). 

Prepared by macerating and percolating stramonium seed No. 40 with 
dilute alcohol. Dose : 20 to 30 minims (1.25 to 1.9 C.c). 

TABACUM (Tobacco) Leaf Tobacco. 

The commercial, dried leaves of Nicotiana Tabacum (nat ord. Solan- 
aceae) growing in the United States. 

Contains an alkaloid Nicotine C 1( |H ]4 N,, a substance called nicotianin, 
bitter extractive, gum, green resin, albumen, etc. 

It is a powerful sedative. 

Nicotine is a powerful poison and exists in tobacco in small propor- 
tions. When cigars are smoked certain gases are given off consisting 
of oxygen, nitrogen, carbonic acid and marsh gas. . Tobacco undergoes 
considerable chemical change during the process of curing and prepar- 
ing for use. Prof. Mayer of New York has determined experimentally 
that nicotine exists as largely in the plant before as after curing. When 
employed in excess it impairs digestion, produces emaciation, general 
debility, and lays the foundation of serious nervous disorders. 

VERATRUM VIRIDE (American Hellebore) Green Hellebore. 

The rhizome and roots of Veratum viride (nat. ord. Liliaceae) grow- 
ing in the United States. 
• Contains two alkaloids, Viridine and Veratroidine. 

Official in the fluid extract and tincture. It is a depresso motor. 
Antidotes : Whiskey or brandy internally, strychnine and digitalis hy- 
podermically. 

EXTRACTUM VERATRI VIRIDIS FLUIDUM (Fluid Extract 
of Veratrum Viride. 

Prepared in the usual manner from veratrum viride No. 6.0, using alco- 
hol as the menstruum. 

Dose: 1 to 2 minims (0.06 to 0.12 C.c). 

TINCTURA VERATRI VIRIDIS (Tincture of Veratrum Viride). 

Prepared by macerating and percolating veratrum viride No. 60 with 
alcohol. Dose : 3 to 8 minims (0.18 to 0.5 C.c). 

VERATRINA (Veratrine). 

A mixture of alkaloids obtained from the seed of Asagraea officinalis 
(nat. ord. Liliaceae). 

Permanent in the air. Insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol, ether 
and chloroform. Official in the ointment and oleate. It is irritant. 
Dose : J of a grain (0.002 gm.). 



185 

LECTURE NO. 24. 

OLEATUM VERATRINE (Oleate of Veratrine). 

Contains 2°/ of veratine dissolved in oleic acid. 

UNGUENTUM VERATRIN.-E (Ointment of Veratrine). 

Contains 4^ of veratrine, mixed with olive oil and benzoinated lard. 
Resins. 

CANNABIS INDICA (Indian Hemp) Hemp. 

The flowering tops of the female plant of Cannabis Sativa (nat. ord. 
Urticacea?), growing in India and Persia. 

Contains a resin Cannabin, and volatile oil in small proportion. 

Official in the extract, fluid extract, and tincture. It is a powerful 
narcotic. 

EXTRACTUM CANNABIS INDIC/E (Extract of Cannabis In- 
dica). 

Prepared by macerating and percolating cannabis indica No. 20 with 
alcohol and evaporating to a pilular consistence. 

As it varies in strength the commencing dose should be not over J 
grain (0.016 gm.). 

EXTRACTUM CANNABIS INDIC/E FLUIDUM (Fluid Extract 
of Cannabis Indica). 

Prepared in the usual manner from cannabis indica No. 20, using 
alcohol as the menstruum. Dose : J to 1 minim (0.03 to 0.06 C.c). 

TINCTURA CANNABIS INDIC/E (Tincture of Cannabis Indica). 

Prepared by macerating and percolating cannabis indica No. 40 with 
alcohol. Dose : 30 minims (1.9 C.c). 

CIMICIFUGA (Black Snakeroot) Black Cohosh. 

The rhizome and roots of Cimicifuga racemosa (nat. ord. Ranuncu- 
lacea:) growing in the United States from Canada to Florida. 

Contains a resinous amorphous body, gum, starch, sugar, wax, fatty 
matter, tannin, gallic acid, etc. 

Official in the extract, fluid extract and tincture. Used principally in 
St. Vitus dance. 

EXTRACTUM CIMICIFUGA (Extract of Cimicifuga). 

Prepared by macerating and percolating cimicifuga No. 60 to ex- 
haustion with alcohol, and evaporating to a pilular consistence. 

Dose : 3 to 10 grains (0.194 to 0.65 gm.). 

EXTRACTUM CIMICIFUGA FLUIDUM (Fluid Extract of Cimi- 
cifuga). 

Prepared in the usual manner frohi cimicifuga No. 60, using alcohol 
as the menstruum. Dose : ^o to 60 minims (1.9 to 3.75 C.c). 

TINCTURA CIMICIFUGA (Tincture of Cimicifuga). 

Prepared by macerating and percolating cimicifuga No. 60 with alcohol. 

Dose : i to 4 fluid drachms ("3.75 to 15 C.c.;. 



186 

R.ESINA COPAIBA (Resin of Copaiba). 

The residue left after distilling off the volatile oil from copaiba, and 
contains copaivic acid ('._.,, H :!l) 0.,. 

Dose : 10 to 20 grains (0.65 to 1.3 gm.). 

CUSSO (Kousso) Brayera, Cousso, Kusso. 

The female inflorescence of Hagenia Abyssinica (nat. ord. Rosacea?) 
growing in Abyssinia. 

Contains a bitter acrid resin Kosin, fatty matter, chlorophyll, wax, 
sugar, gum, tannic acid, etc. 

Official in the fluid extract. It is a vermifuge. 

EXTRACTUM CUSSO FLUIDUM (Fluid Extract of Kousso). 

Prepared in the usual manner from kousso No. 40, using alcohol as 
the menstruum. Dose : J to 1 fluid ounce (15 to 30 C.c). 

ERIODICTYON (Verba Santa) Consumptives' Weed, Bears' Weed, 
Mountain Balm. 

The leaves of Eriodictyon glutinosum (nat. ord. Hydrophyllaceae), 
growing in California. Contains a bitter, acrid resin (upon which its 
activity depends), tannic acid, volatile oil, etc. 

Official in the fluid extract. It is a bitter tonic and stimulant bal- 
samic expectorant. 

EXTRACTUM ERIODICTYI FLUIDUM (Fluid Extract of Erio- 
dictyon). 

Prepared in the usual manner from eriodictyon No. 60, using a mixture 
of 800 parts alcohol and 200 water as the menstruum. 

Dose : 20 to 60 minims (1.3 to 3.75 C.c). 

ELASTICA (India Rubber) Caoutchouc. 

The prepared milk juice of various species of Hevea (nit. ord.Euphor- 
biacea?) known in commerce as Para Rubber, and grows in South 
America. 

Insoluble in water, dilute acids or dilute solutions of alkalies. 
Soluble in chloroform, carbon disulphide, oil of turpentine, benzin or 
benzol. 

GOSSYPII RADICTS CORTEX (Cotton Root Bark). 

The bark of the root of Gossypium herbaceum, and of other species 
of Gossypium (nat. ord. Malvaceae), growing in Asia, Africa and the 
United States. 

Contains a peculiar acrid resin upon which its properties depend. 

Official in the fluid extract. 

EXTRACTUM GOSSYPII RADIOS FLUIDUM (Fluid Extract 
of Cotton Root Bark). 

Prepared in the usual manner from cotton root bark No. 30, using a 
mixture of alcohol and glycerin as the menstruum. 

The glycerin is used to prevent gelatinization. ftose : h to 1 fluid 
drachm (1.9 to 3.75 C.c). 



187 

GUIACI LIGNUM (Guiacum Wood) Lignum Vitas. 

The heart wood of Guiacum officinale and of Guaiacum sanctum (nat. 
ord. Zygophylleae) growing in the West Indies. 

Contains a resin, bitter pungent extractive, etc. 

Official in compound decoction of sarsaparilla. It is a stimulant dia- 
phoretic. 

GUAIACI RESINA (Guaiac). 

The resin of the wood of Guaiacum officinalis, obtained by natural 
exudation, by incision or by heat. 

Exposed to the air and light it absorbs oxygen and becomes green, 
and the change takes place rapidly in sunshine. Soluble in alcohol, ether 
and alkaline solutions. Often adulterated with the resin of the pine. 

Official in the tincture, ammoniated tincture and compound pill of 
antimony. It is a stimulant and alterative. 

TINCTURA GUAIACI (Tincture of Guaiac). 

Prepared by macerating guaiac in coarse powder in alcohol for seven 
days and percolating. 

Used in cases of gout and rheumatism. Dose: i teaspoonful (3.7C.C ). 

TINCTURA GUAIACI AMMONIATA (Ammoniated Tincture of 
Guaiac 1. 

Prepared by macerating guaiac in coarse powder, in aromatic spirit of 
ammonia for seven days, and filtering. 

Used in cases of chronic rheumatism. Dose : 1 to 2 fluid drachms 
(3-75 to 7-5 C.C.). 

JALAPA (Jalap). 

The tuberous root of Ipomcea Jalapa (nat. ord. Convolvulaceae), grow- 
ing in Europe, India and Mexico. 

Contains a resin Jalapin, gummy extract, albumen, etc. 

Official in the alcoholic extract and compound powder. 

It is a cathartic. Dose : 15 to 30 grains (0.97 to 1.95 gm.). 

EXTRACTUM JALAP^E (Extract of Jalap). 

Prepared by macerating and percolating jalap No. 60 with alcohol 
and evaporating to a pilular consistence. 

Official in compound cathartic pill and vegetable cathartic pill. 

Dose : 10 to 20 grains (0.65 to 1.3 gm.). 

PULVIS JALAIU-E COMPOSITUS (Compound Powder of Jalap). 

Contains 35% of jalap No. 60, and 65% of potassium bitartrate. 

Dose : 30 to 60 grains (1.95 to 3.9 gm.). 

RESINA JALA P.P. 1 Resin of Jalap). 

Prepared by macerating and percolating jalap No. 60 with alcohol, 
distilling off alcohol, reducing to small bulk, and adding to water. 

Often adulterated with guaiac resin, etc. Dose: 2 to 5 grains (0.13 
to 0.33 gm.;. 



188 

MASTICHE (Mastic). 

A concrete resinous exudation from Pistacia Lentiscus (nit. ord. Ana- 
cardieae) obtained by making incisions in the bark of the stem and large 
branches. It grows in the island of Scio in the Grecian Archipelago. 

Contains a Resin, masticin and a volatile oil. Its properties are 
analagous to those of the turpentines. Official in pill of aloes and 
mastic. 

PEPO I Pumpkin Seed). 

The seed of Cucurbit! Pepo (nat. ord. Cucurbitacere) growing all over 
the world. 

Contains a Resin, fixed oil, an aromatic principle, chlorophyll, starch, 
sugar, and an alkaloid cucurbitine. 

Ised as a vermifuge. 

P1X BURGUNDICA (Burgundy Pitch). 

The prepared resinous exudation of Abies excelsa (nat. ord. Conif- 
erae), growing in Europe and Northern Asia. 

Almost entirely soluble in glaciale acetic acid, in boiling alcohol and 
partially soluble in cold alcohol. 

Official in the plaster, and pitch plaster with cantharides. 

It is a gentle rubifacient. 

EMPLASTRUM PICTS BURGUNDICA (Burgundy Pitch Plaster). 

Contains Burgundy pitch, olive oil and. yellow wax. 

EMPLASTRUM PICTS CANTHARIDATUM (Cantharidal Pitch 
Plaster) Warming Plaster. 

Contains cerate of cantharides and Burgundy pitch. 

KAMALA (Kamala) Rottlera, Spoonweed. 

The glands and hairs from the capsules of Mallotus Philippinensis 
(nat. ord. Euphorbiaceae) growing inHindoostan. 

Contains a resinous coloring substance Rottlerin, albumen, cellulose, 
volatile oil, etc. 

It is a vermifuge. Dose : i to 3 drachms (3.9 to 11.65 g m -)- 

PODOPHYLLUM (May-Apple) Mandrake Root. 

The rhizome and roots of Podophyllum peltatum (nat ord. Berberi- 
deae) growing in the United States and Japan. 

Contains a resin Podophyllin, albumen, gum, starch, extractive, gallic 
acid, fixed oil, traces of volatile oil, etc. 

Official in the extract and fluid extract. It is a cathartic. 

EXTRACTUM PODOPHYLLI (Extract of Podophyllum). 

Prepared by macerating and percolating podophyllum No. 60 with a 
mixture of 800 parts alcohol and 200 parts water, to exhaustion and 
evaporating to a pilular consistence. 

Dose : 1 to 3 grains (0.065 to °- 20 S m -)" 

EXTRACTUM PODOPHYLLI FLUIDUM (Fluid Extract of 
Podophyllum). 



189 

Prepared in the usual manner from podophyllum No. 60, using a mix- 
ture of 800 parts alcohol and 200 parts water as the menstruum. 

Dose : 5 to 15 minims (0.3 to 0.9 C.c.). 

RESINA PODOPHYLLI (Resin of Podophyllum) Resin of May- 
Apple. 

Prepared by macerating and percolating podophyllum No. 60 with 
alcohol, distilling off the alcohol until a syrupy consistence is obtained, 
and precipitating with water to which hydrochloric acid has been added. 
The acid aids in the precipitation of the resin. It consists of two 
resins, one soluble in ether and alcohol, the other in alcohol only. 

It is a powerful cathartic. Dose : ^ to i grain (0.00S to 0.03 gm.). 

RESINA (Resin) Colophony. 

The residue left after distilling off the volatile oil from turpentine. 

Soluble in alcohol, ether, fixed and volatile oils. 

White Rosin differs from resin only in being opaque and of a whitish 
color, owing to the water with which it is incorporated, and which grad- 
ually escapes on exposure, leaving it more or less transparent. 

Official in the cerate and plaster. 

CERATUM RESIN.E (Resin Cerate) Basilicon Ointment. 

Contains resin, yellow wax and lard. 

Used as a stimulant application to burns and blistered surface. 

EMPLASTRUM RESIN.E (Resin Plaster) Adhesive Plaster. 

Contains resin, lead plaster and yellow wax. 

Used for retaining the sides of wounds together. 

RHAMNUS PURSHIANA (Cascara Sagrada) Sacred Bark, Chit- 
tem Bark. 

The bark of Rhamnus Purshiana (nat. ord. Rbamnacea:) growing in 
California. Contains a bitter resin, a red resin, light yellow resin, tannic, 
oxalic and malic acids, a neutral crystallizable substance, volatile oil, a 
ferment, glucose and ammonia. 

According to Meier and Webber the ferment causes griping, and by 
keeping the bark at least two years before being used, the ferment has 
exhausted itself, and this objection is overcome. The laxative effect is 
due to the resins and the tonic effects to the crystalline bitter principle. 

It is a laxative and tonic. Official in the fluid extract. 

EXTRACTUM RHAMNI PURSHIAN/E (Fluid Extract of Cas- 
cara Sagrada;. 

Prepared in the usual manner from cascara sagrada No. 60, using di- 
lute alcohol as the menstruum. Dose : 15 to 45 minims (0.9 to 2.7 C.c). 

SCAM MOM CM (Scammony). 

A resinous exudation from the living root of Convolvulus Scammonia 
(nat. ord. Convolvulaceajj growing in Syria, Anatolia and certain islands 
of the Archipelago. 

Contains a resin, gum, etc. It is a cathartic. 



190 

RESINA SCAMMONII (Resin of Scammony). 

Prepared by digesting scammony No. 60 with alcohol in succ2ssive 
portions until exhausted, mixing the tincture, and precipitating with 
water. Often adulterated with resin of jalap, rosin, guaiac, etc. 

Dose : 4 to 8 grains (0.26 to 0.52 gm.). 
Gum Resins. 

AMMONIACUM (Ammoniac). 

A gum resin obtained from Dorema Ammoniacum nat. ord. Umbelli- 
ferre) exuding from the stem, and grows in the Persian Provinces. 

Contains gum, resin, a gluten-like substance (bassorin), volatile oil, etc. 

It comes either in the state of tears, or in aggregated masses, and in 
both forms is frequently mixed with impurities. The U. S. P. 1890 re- 
quires that only such masses as are composed of tears should be con- 
sidered up to the standard. When triturated with water it forms an 
emulsion. Official in ammoniac plaster with mercury, and the emulsion. 
It is a stimulant and expectorant. 

Dose : 10 to 30 grains (0.65 to 1.30 gm.). 

EMULSUM AMMONIAICI (Emulsion of Ammoniac) Ammoniac 
Mixture, Milk of Ammoniac. 

Prepared by rubbing ammoniac in a warm mortar with water and 
straining. 

The gum is dissolved in the water and holds the resin in suspension. 

Dose : 1 to 2 tablespoonfuls (15 to 30 C.c.) 

ASAFCETIDA (Asafetida). 

A gum resin obtained from the root of Ferula fcetida (nat. ord. Um- 
belliferae) obtained by incision, and grows in Persia. 

Contains gum, resin, bassorin, volatile oil, etc. 

The oldest plants are the most productive. On keeping for a long 
time exposed, it hardens and becomes brittle and the intensity of its 
smell and taste diminishes. When triturated with water it forms an 
emulsion. At least 60% of it should dissolve in alcohol. 

Often adulterated with inferior qualities, sand and stones. It is often 
kept in a powdered state, but this is unfit for use on account of the loss 
of volatile oil and its liability to adulteration. 

Official in pills, pill of aloes and asafcetida, emulsion and tincture. 
It is a stimulant antispasmodic, expectorant, and laxative. 

Dose : 10 grains (0.65 gm.). 

EMULSUM ASAFCETIDA (Emulsion of Asafetida) Asafetida Mix 
ture, Milk of Asafetida. 

Prepared by rubbing asafetida in a warm mortar with water, and con- 
tains \ r j (l of asafetida. Dose : 4 to 8 fluid drachms (15 to 30 C.c). 
PILULE ASAFCETIDyE (Pills of Asafetida). 

Each pill contains 3 grains of asafetida made into a mass with soap 
and water. 



191 

TINCTURA ASAFCE TIDJE (Tincture of Asafetida). 

Prepared by macerating asafetida (bruised) in alcohol for 7 days, and 
filtering. Dose: 20 to 30 minims (1.25 to 1.9 C.c). 

GAM BOG I A Gam: 

A gum resin obtained from Garcinia Hanburii tiiat. ord. Guttiferae), 
growing in Siaro and Cochin-China. 

Partly soluble in alcohol and ether. When triturated with water it 
forms an emulsion. It is a gum resin, without volatile oil. 

Official in compound cathartic pill. It is a powerful hydragogue ca- 
thartic. Dose: 2 to 6 grains (0.13 to 0.4 gm. |. 

MYRRH A (Myrrh). 

A gum resin obtained from Commiphora Myrrha 1 nat.ord.Burseracear \ 
growing in Arabia and Africa. Contains gum, resin and volatile oil. 

Soluble in solutions of alkalies. Partially soluble in water, alcohol 
and ether. When triturated with water it forms an emulsion. Often 
adulterated with pieces of bdellium and many other gummy or resinous 
substances. 

Official in compound iron mixture, pill of aloes and myrrh, tincture of 
aloes and myrrh, and tincture. 

It is a stimulant tonic. Dose : 10 to $0 grains (0.65 to 1.95 gin. -. 

TINCTURA MYRRHJE .Tincture of Myrrh. 

Prepared by macerating myrrh in moderately coarse powder in alco- 
hol for 7 days and filtering. 

Used as a local application, and as a stimulant expectorant and em- 
menagogue. Dose : 15 to 30 minims (0.9 to 1.9 C.c. 1. 
Oleoresixs. 

ASPIDIUM (Male Fern) Male Shield Fern. 

The rhizome of Dryopteris Felix-mas and Dryopteris marginal is nat. 
ord. Felices), growing in Europe, Asia and Africa. 

Contains volatile oil, resin and filicic acid. Official in the oleoresin. 
It is a vermifuge. 

OLEORESIXA ASPIDII (Oleoresin of Aspidium) Liquid Extract of 
Male Fern, Oil of Fern. 

Prepared by percolating male fern with ether, evaporating off the 
ether, and should be kepi in well-stoppered bottles. 

It usually deposits on standing, a granular crystalline precipitate, 
which should be thoroughly mixed with the liquid portion before being 
used. Dose: \ to 1 fluid drachm (1.9 to 3.75 

CAPSICUM 1 Capsicum i Cayenne Pepper, African Pepper. 

The fruit of Capsicum fastigiatum mat. ord. Solanaceas), growing in 
most all parts of the world. Contains a volatile oil, resin and capsaicin. 
Sometime adulterated with colored sawdust which may be recognized 
by the microscope. Official in the fluid extract and tincture. It is a 
local stimulant. Dose : 5 to 10 grains (0.5$ to 0.65 gm.). 



192 

EXTRACTUM CAPSIC] FLUIDUM (Fluid Extract of Capsicum). 

Prepared by macerating and percolating capsicum No. 60 with alco- 
hol in the usual manner. Dose: h to 1 minim (0.03 to 0.06 C.C.). 

OLEORESINA CAPSIC1 (Oleoresin of Capsicum). 

Prepared by percolating capsicum No. 60 with ether and recovering 
the ether, and should be kept in well-stoppered bottles. 

Official in capsicum plaster. Dose : J to 1 minim (0.015 to 0.06 C.c). 

EMPLASTRl M CAPSIC] (Capsicum Plaster). 

Contains oleoresin of capsicum and resin plaster. 

It is a rubifacient. 

TINCTURA CAPSICI (Tincture of Capsicum). 

Prepared by macerating and percolating capsicum No. 30 with a mix- 
ture of 950 parts alcohol and 50 parts water. 

Dose : i to 1 fluid drachm (1.9 to 3.75 C.c)- 

COPAIBA (Copaiba) Balsam of Copaiba. 

The oleoresin of Copaiba Langsdorffi (nat. ord. Leguminoseae), ob- 
tained by cutting deeply or boring into the trunk of the tree. It grows 
in Brazil and other parts of South America. Contains volatile oil, resin 
and copaivic acid. 

The Para balsam is the lighter color and the best quality. Insoluble 
in water, soluble in alcohol, ether, fixed and volatile oils, chloroform, 
carbon disulphide and benzin.- On exposure to the air it acquires a 
deeper color, a thicker consistence, and greater density, and, if spread 
out upon an extended surface, ultimately becomes dry and brittle. Often 
adulterated with Gurjan Balsam, turpentine and fixed oils. 

Official in the mass. It is a stimulant, diuretic, laxative, and in large 
doses purgative. Dose: 20 minims to 1 fluid drachm (1.25 to 3.75 C.c). 

MASSA COPAIBA (Mass of Copaiba) Solidified Copaiba. 

Prepared by triturating magnesia with water, adding balsam of copaiba, 
heating on a water bath for half an hour and setting aside until it has 
acquired a pilular consistence. 

The magnesia combines chemically with the copaivic acid of copaiba, 
and acts as an absorbent to the volatile oil. It is convenient for the 
preparation of pills. Dose : 5 grains (0.33 gm.). 

HUMULUS (Hops). 

The strobiles of Humulus Lupulus (nat. ord. Urticacere) growing in 
Europe and the United States. 

Contains a principle called Lupulin upon which its properties depend. 

Official in the tincture. It is a tonic and slightly narcotic. 

TINCTURA HUMULI (Tincture of Hops). 

Prepared by macerating and percolating hops well dried No. 20, with 
dilute alcohol. 

Dose : 1 to 3 fluid drachms (3.7 to n.25 C.c). 



193 

LECTURE NO. 25. 

LUPULINUM (Lupulin). 

The glandular powder separated from the strobiles of Humulus 
Lupulus. Contains resinous matter and volatile oil (Valerol C (; H 1(( 0). 

Official in the fluid extract and oleoresin. It is tonic and slightly 
narcotic. Dose: 5 to 12 grains (0.325 to 0.78 gm.). 

EXTRACTUM LUPULINI FLUIDUM (Fluid Extract of Lupulin). 

Prepared in the usual manner from lupulin, using alcohol as the men- 
struum. Owing to its resinous character it is not miscible with aqueous 
fluids. Dose : 10 to 15 minims (0.6 to 0.9 C.c). 

OLEORESIXA LUPULINI (Oleoresin of Lupulin). 

Prepared by percolating lupulin with ether, evaporating off the ether, 
and preserving in close-stoppered bottles. 

Dose : 2 to 5 grains (0.13 to 0.33 gm.). 

PIPER (Black Pepper). 

The unripe fruit of Piper nigrum (nat. ord. Piperaceae), growing on the 
coast of Malabar, in the peninsula of Molucca, in Siam, Sumatra, Java, 
Borneo, Phillipines and West Indies. Contains Volatile Oil, resin and 
piperine. 

Official in the oleoresin. It is a stimulant. 

OLEORESINA PIPERIS (Oleoresin of Pepper) Fluid Extract of 
Black Pepper. 

Prepared b.y percolating black pepper No. 60 with ether, recovering 
the ether and preserving in well-stoppered bottles. 

Dose : J to 1 minim (0.015 to °-°6 C.c). 

P1X LIQUIDA (Tar). 

An empyreumatic oleoresin obtained by the destructive distillation of 
the wood of Pinus palustris, and of other species of Pinus (nat. ord. 
Coniferae) growing in all parts of the United States. 

Consists of resinous matter, united with acetic acid, oil of turpentine, 
and various empyreumatic products and colored with charcoal. By age 
it becomes granular and opaque. By distillation it yields pyroligneous 
acid and oil of tar. What is left is called pitch. 

Official in the syrup and ointment. Its medical properties are the 
same as those of the turpentines, only less irritant. 

Dose : .J to r drachm (1.9 to 3.75 C.c). 

SYRUPUS PICIS LIQUIDS (Syrup of Tar). 

Prepared by mixing tar with washed white sand, adding water, mace- 
rating 12 hours, throwing the water away, pouring boiling water over the 
residue, adding glycerin, setting aside for 24 hours, decanting the clear 
solution, filtering and dissolving sugar in the filtrate. 

The object of washing the tar is to remove the acid constituents which 
would be irritating. Dose: 1 to 2 fluid drachms (3.7 to 7.5 C.c). 
25 



194 

CJNGUENTUM PICIS LIQUIDS (Tar Ointment). 

Prepared by melting together lard and yellow wax, then incorporating 
50% of tar with it. 

Used as a stimulant application to scabby ulcers and sores. 

SUMBUL (Sumbul). 

The root of Ferula Sumbul (nat. ord. LTmbelliferae), growing in India. 

Contains volatile oil, two balsamic resins, wax, gum, starch, sumbulic 
acid, and a little valerianic acid. 

Official in the tincture. It is a nerve stimulant. 

TINCTURA SUMBUL (Tincture of Sumbul). 

Prepared by macerating and percolating sumbul No. 30 with a mix- 
ture of 650 parts alcohol and 350 parts water. 

Dose : 20 to 60 minims (1.2 to 3.75 C.c). 

TEREBINTHINA (Turpentine) Crude Turpentine, Common Frank- 
incense. 

A concrete oleoresin obtained from Pinus palustris (nat. ord. Conif- 
er^) by scraping off the trunks of the tree. Contains resin associated 
with volatile oil. 

The term Turpentine is usually applied to certain vegetable juices, 
liquid or concrete, which consist of resin combined with a peculiar es- 
sential oil called oil of turpentine. 

There are several varieties of turpentine on the market namely : White, 
European, Canada, Venice and China, all of which resemble one another 
in odor and taste, but are distinguished by different shades. 

Soluble in alcohol and unites with the fixed oils. 

It is stimulant diuretic, anthelmintic and laxative. 

TEREBINTHINA CANADENSIS (Canada Turpentine) Balsam of 
Fir. 

A liquid oleoresin obtained from Abies balsamea (nat. ord. Coniferae) 
by puncturing or incising the bark of the trunk and branches. It grows 
in Canada and the State of Maine. It contains resin and volatile oil. 
Soluble in ether, chloroform or benzol. By time and exposure it becomes 
thicker and more yellow, and finally solid. Official in flexible collodion. 

ZINGIBER (Ginger). 

The rhizome of Zingiber officinale (nat. ord. Scitamineae), growing in 
India, Africa and the West Indies. The Jamaica or white ginger is the 
best quality. Contains Volatile Oil and resin. 

Powdered ginger is often adulterated with rice starch, brick dust and 
chalk. Official in the fluid extract, oleoresin, aromatic powder, tincture, 
and compound powder of rhubarb. It is a stimulant and carminative. 

EXTRACTUM ZINGIBERIS FLUIDUM (Fluid Extract of Ginger). 

Prepared in the usual manner from ginger No. 40, using alcohol as the 
menstruum. 

Dose : 10 to 20 minims (0.6 to 1.25 C.c). Official in the syrup. 



195 

OLEORES1NA ZIXGIBERIS (Oleofesin of Ginger). 

Prepared by percolating ginger No. 60 with ether, recovering the ether, 
and keeping in well-stoppered bottles. Dose : 1 minim (0.06 C.c). 

TINCTURA ZINGIBERIS (Tincture of Ginger). 

Prepared by macerating and percolating ginger No. 40 with alcohol. 

Dose : 8 to 40 minims (0.5 to 2.5 C.c.) Official in the troche. 

TROCHISCI ZINGIBERIS (Troches of Ginger). 

Contain tincture of ginger, tragacanth, sugar and syrup of ginger. 

Each troche contains 3 minims of the tincture. 

SYRUPUS ZINGIBERIS (Syrup of Ginger). 

Prepared by triturating fluid extract of ginger with precipitated cal- 
cium phosphate, allowing the alcohol to evaporate, triturating with water, 
filtering, and dissolving sugar in the filtrate without heat. 

Dose : 1 fluid drachm (3.7 C.c). 

Balsams. 

BEXZOINUM (Benzoin) Gum Benjamin. 

A balsamic resin obtained from Styrax Benzoin (nat. ord. Styraceae), 
usually by making deep incisions in the bark of the trees, and allowing 
the liquid that exudes to concrete on exposure to the air. It grows in 
Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and Siam. 

Contains volatile oil, resin, benzoic and cinnamic acids. 

Official in benzoinated lard, tincture and compound tincture. It is a 
stimulant and expectorant. 

TINCTURA BENZOINI (Tincture of Benzoin). 

Prepared by macerating benzoin in moderately coarse powder, with 
alcohol for seven clays and filtering. 

Dose : 20 to 30 minims (1.25 to 1.9 C.c). 

TINCTURA BENZOINI COMPOSITA (Compound Tincture of 
Benzoin) Elixir Traumaticum, Commander's Balsam, Wade's Balsam, 
Friar's Balsam, Jesuit Drops, Turlington's Balsam, Balsam of Life. 

Contains benzoin in coarse powder, purified aloes, storax, balsam of 
tolu and alcohol. 

It is a stimulant expectorant. Dose : 30 to 120 minims (1.9 to 7.5 
C.c. 

BALSAMUM PERUVIANUM (Balsam of Peru). 

A balsam obtained from Toluifera Pereira* (nat. ord. Leguminosa;) 
exuding from the trunks of the trees after the bark has been beaten, 
scorched and removed. It grows in Central America. 

Contains resin, volatile oil, benzoic and cinnamic acids. 

On exposure to the air it does not become hard. It mixes with ab- 
solute alcohol, chloroform, glaciale acetic acid. Partially soluble in ether 
and benzin. Often adulterated with castor oil, copaiba, Canada Tur- 
pentine, etc. 



196 

It is a warm stimulating stomachic. Dose: J to i fluid drachm (i 9 
to 3.75 C.c). 

BALSAMUM TOLUTANUM (Balsam of Tolu). 

A balsam obtained from Toluifera Bilsamum (nat. ord. Leguminoseae), 
exuding from the trunks of the trees. It grows in Carthagena. 

Contains volatile oil, resin and free acid. 

By age it becomes hard and brittle like resin. Soluble in oils and 
alcohol, chloroform, solutions of fixed alkalies, ether ; nearly insoluble 
in water, benzin or carbon disulphide. 

Official in the tincture, syrup, and compound tincture of benzoin. 

TINCTURA TOLUTANI (Tincture of Tolu). 

Prepared by dissolving balsam of tolu in alcohol and filtering. 

Dose : 1 to 2 fluid drachms (3.75 to 7.5 C.c). 

SVRUPUS TOLUTANTJS (Syrup of Tolu). 

Prepared by dissolving balsam of tolu in alcohol, mixing with pre- 
cipitated calcium phosphate and sugar, setting aside in a warm place 
until the alcohol has evaporated, adding water, filtering, and dissolving 
more sugar in the filtrate. 

It is used chiefly to impart an agreeable flavor to preparations. 

STYRAX (Storax). 

A balsam obtained from the inner bark of Liquidamber orientalis 
(nat. ord. Hamamelaceai) purified by solution in spirit, filtering and strain- 
ing. It grows in Asia Minor. Contains volatile oil, resin, benzoic and 
cinnamic acids. 

Often adulterated with turpentine. Soluble in alcohol and ether, but 
insoluble in water. 

Official in compound tincture of benzoin. It is a stimulating expec- 
torant. Dose : 10 to 20 grains (0.65 to 1.3 gm.). 

Astringent Drugs. 

CASTANEA (Chestnut). 

The leaves of Castanea dentata (nat. ord. Cupulifereas) growing in the 
United States and Europe. 

Contains tannin, chlorophyll, gallic acid, gum, albumen. 

Official in the fluid extract. Used in the treatment of whooping cough. 

EXTRACTUM CASTANET FLUIDUM (Fluid Extract of Cast- 
anet). 

Prepared by percolating chestnut leaves No. 30 with boiling water 
until exhausted, evaporating to a small bulk, filtering,and adding alcohol 
and glycerin. Dose: 1 to 2 fluid drachms (3.75 to 7.5 C.c). 

CATECHU (Catechu) Cutch, Terra Japonica. 

An extract prepared from the wood of Acacia Catechu (nat. ord. Le- 
guminosat*), growing in the East Indies and Hindoostan. 

Contains from 45% to 55% tannic acid, catechin, etc. It is often 
mixed with sand, sticks and other impurities. The variety of tannic 



197 

acid called catechu-tannic acid is not, like the tannic acid of galls, con- 
verted into gallic acid by exposure to the air. 

Official in the compound tincture and troche. 

It is a powerful astringent. Dose : 10 to 30 grains (0.65 to 1.95 gm.). 

TINCTURA CATECHU COMPOSITA (Compound Tincture of 
Catechu). 

Prepared by percolating without macerating, a mixture of catechu No. 
40, cassia cinnamon Xo. 40, with dilute alcohol. 

Dose: 30 minims to 3 fluid drachms (1.9 to 11.25 C.c). 

TROCHISCI CATECHU (Troches of Catechu). 

Contains catechu in fine powder, tragacanth and stronger orange 
flower water. 

Each troche contains about 1 grain (0.065 S m -) °f catechu. 

GALLA (Nutgall). 

An excrescence on Quercus Lusitanica (nat. ord. Cupuliferce), caused 
by the punctures and deposited ova of Cynips Gallae tinctorice. It is ob- 
tained from Syria and Asia Minor. 

Contains from 65$ to 77 r /c of tannic acid (called gallo-tannic acid). 

Official in the tincture and ointment. It is an astringent, but is not 
used internally. 

TINCTURA GALL^E (Tincture of Gall). 

Prepared by percolating without macerating, gall Xo. 40, with a mix- 
ture of alcohol and glycerin. 

Dose : 1 to 3 fluid drachms (3.7 to 11.25 C.c). 

UXGUENTUM GALL.*; (Ointment of Gall). 

Prepared by rubbing gall X T o. 80 with benzoinated lard. 

Used chiefly for piles, etc. 

GERANIUM (Cranesbill). 

The rhizome of Geranium maculatum (nat. ord. Geraniaceae), growing 
in the United States. 

Contains tannic acid, gallic acid, mucilage, resin, etc. 

Official in the fluid extract. It is an astringent. 

EXTRACTUM GERANII FLUIDUM (Fluid Extract of Geranium). 

Prepared in the usual manner from geranium No. 30, using a mixture 
of dilute alcohol and glycerin as the menstruum. 

Dose : 30 to 60 minims (1.9 to 3.7 C.c). 

H.H MAT< )XVL( )X < Logwood). 

The heart wood of Hamiatoxylon Campechianum (nat. ord. Legumi- 
nosx-), growing in Campechy and Jamaica. 

Contains a coloring principle Ha^matoxylin, tannin, resinous matter, 
etc. Official in the extract. It is a mild astringent. 

EXTRACTUM IE EM ATOXYLI f Extract of Hamatoxylon). 

Prepared by macerating logwood (rasped) with water, boiling and 
evaporating to dryness. Dose : 10 to 30 grains (0.65 to 0.95 gm.;. 



198 

HAMAMELIS (Witch Hazel). 

The leaves of Hamamelis Virginiana 
lected in autumn, and growing all over the United States. 

Contains tannin, resin, extractive, volatile oil, etc. 

Official in the fluid extract. It is a mild astringent. 

EXTRACTUM HAMAMELIDIS FLUIDUM (Fluid Extract of 
Hamamelis). 

Prepared in the usual manner from hamamelis No. 40, using a mix- 
ture of alcohol, glycerin and water as the menstruum. 

Dose : J fluid drachm (1.9 C.c). 

KINO "(Kino). 

The inspissated juice of Pterocarpus Marsupium (nat. ord. Legumi- 
nosae), growing in the East Indies, West Indies, South America, Africa, 
Australia; that from the East Indies being the official variety. 

Contains tannic acid, gallic acid, pectin, etc. Official in the tincture. 
It is an astringent. 

TINCTURA KINO (Tincture of Kino). 

Prepared by macerating and filtering kino with a mixture of alcohol, 
glycerin, and water. The glycerin is used to prevent gelatinization. 

Dose : 1 to 2 fluid drachms (3.75 to 7.5 C.c). 

KRAMERIA (Rhatany). 

The root of Krameria triandra, and of Krameria Ixina (nat. ord. Polyg- 
aleae) growing in Peru. 

Contains tannic acid (called krameria-tannic acid), gum, starch, etc. 

Official in the extract, fluid extract ana) tincture. 

It is a tonic and astringent. Dose . 20 to 30 grains 1.3 to 1.95). 

EXTRACTUM KRAMERI/E (Extract of Krameria). 

Prepared by boiling krameria No. 40 with water, and evaporating to 
dryness. Official in the troche. Dose : 10 to 20 grains (0.65 to 1.3 gm.). 

TROCHISCI KRAMERIA (Troches of Krameria). 

Contain extract of krameria, sugar, tragacanth, and orange flower 
water. 

EXTRACTUM KRAMERIA FLUIDUM (Fluid Extract of Kra- 
meria). 

Prepared in the usual manner from krameria No. 30, using a mixture 
of dilute alcohol and glycerin as the menstruum. 

Official in the syrup. Dose : 10 to 60 minims (0.6 to 3.75 C.c). 

SYRUPUS KRAMERIA (Syrup of Krameria). 

Prepared by mixing together fluid extract of krameria and syrup. 

Dose for adults : \ fluid ounce (15 C.c). For children : 20 to 30 drops 
(1.25 to 1.9 C.c). 

LIMONIS SUCCUS (Lemon Juice). 

The freely expressed juice of the ripe fruit of Citrus Limonum (nat. 
ord. Rutacece). Contains citric acid, upon which its properties depend. 



199 

It is refrigerant. Used by sea-faring men to prevent scurvy. Dose : 
i to 4 fluid ounces (30 to 120 C.c). 

QUERCUS ALBA (White Oak). 

The bark of Quercus Alba (nat. ord. Cuptiliferae), growing in the 
United States. Contains tannic acid, gallic acid, and extractive matter. 

It is astringent and tonic, but is not used internally. 

RHUS GLABRA (Sumach). 

The fruit of Rhus glabra (nat. ord. Anacardierc), growing in the United 
States. 

Contains tannic acid, gallic acid, albumen, gum, starch, caoutchouc, 
resin, etc. Official in the fluid extract. It is astringent and refrigerant. 

EXTRACTUM RHOIS GLABRA FLUIDUM (Fluid Extract of 
Rhus Glabra). 

Prepared in the usual manner from rhus glabra^No. 40, using a mix- 
ture of dilute alcohol and glycerin as the menstruum. 

Used principally as an addition to mouth washes and gargles. 

ROSA GALLICA (Red Rose) Red Rose'Petals. 

The petals of Rosa Gallica (nat. ord. Rosaceae), collected before ex- 
panding. It grows in the United States and Europe. 

Contains tannin, gallic acid, coloring matter, volatile oil, fixed oil, 
albumen, etc. 

Official in the confection, fluid extract and pill of aloes and mastic. 

CONFECTIO ROS.-E (Confection of Rose). 

Contains red rose No. 60, sugar, clarified honey, stronger orange 
flower water. 

It is slightly astringent, but is used mostly as a vehicle for other 
medicines. 

EXTRACTUM ROS.E FLUIDUM (Fluid Extract of Rose). 

Prepared in the usual manner from red rose No. 30, using a mixture 
of dilute alcohol and glycerin as the menstruum. 

Official in honey of rose and the syrup. 

Dose : 1 to 2 fluid drachms (3.7 to 7.5 C.c). 

MEL ROS.-E (Honey of Rose). 

Contains fluid extract of rose and clarified honey. 

Used^'as an addition to gargles. 

SYRUPUS ROS^E (Syrup of Rose). 

Contains fluid extract of rose and syrup. 

Dose : 1 fluid drachm (3.7 C.c). 

RUBUS (Blackberry). 

The bark of the root of Rubus villosus, Rubus Canadensis and Rubus 
trivialis (nat. ord. Rosacea.), growing in the United States. 

Contains tannic acid upon which its properties depend. 

Official in the fluid extract. It is tonic and astringent. 



200 

EXTRACTUM RUBI FLUIDUM (Fluid Extract of Rubus). 

Prepared in the usual manner from rubus No. 60, using a mixture of 
alcohol, water and glycerin as the menstruum. 

Official in the syrup. Dose : J to 1 fluid drachm (1.9 to 3.7 C.c). 

SYRUPUS RUBI (Syrup of Rubus). 

Prepared by mixing fluid extract of rubus with syrup. 

Dose : 1 to 2 fluid drachms (1.9 to 3.7 C.c). 

TAMARINDUS (Tamarind). 

The preserved pulp of the fruit of tamarindus Indica (nat. ord. Le- 
guminosere), growing in the East and West Indies. 

Contains citric acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, potassium bi-tartrate, 
gum, etc. Official in confection of senna. It is a refrigerant and laxa- 
tive. 

VIBURNUM OPULUS (Cramp Bark). 

The bark of Viburnum Opulus (nat. ord. Caprifoliacea;), growing in 
the United States. Contains tannic acid. 

Official in the fluid extract. Little used in medicine. 

EXTRACTUM VIBURNI OPULI FLUIDUM (Fluid Extract of 
Cramp Bark). 

Prepared in the usual manner from cramp bark No. 60, using a mix- 
ture of 750 parts alcohol and 250 parts water as the menstruum. 

Dose : Jto 1 fluid drachm (1.9 to 3.7 C.c). 

Animal Products. ■ 

Acidum Lacticum. See page 91. 

Adeps. See page 114. 

OLEUM ADIPIS (Lard Oil). 

A fixed oil expressed from lard at a low temperature. At a tempera- 
ture a little below io°C (5o°F) it usually commences to deposit a white 
granular fat, and at near o°C (32°F) it forms a semi-solid, white mass. 
It consists principally of olein with a small quantity of stearin, and is 
sometimes adulterated with parafflne oil. 

Used for the purpose of making ointment of mercuric nitrate. 

Adeps Lanae Hydrosus. See page 114. 

CANTHARIS (Spanish Flies). 

The dried beetle of Cantharis vesicatoria (class, Insecta : order, Coleop- 
tera) obtained from Spain, Italy and France, and should be thoroughly 
dried at a temperature not exceeding 40°C (io4°F) and kept in well-closed 
bottles. 

Contains a crystalline substance Cantharidin, a green oil, a black 
matter, a yellow viscid matter, fatty matter, etc. 

If the powdered flies be kept in well-stoppered bottles, they will keep 
their activity for years, but if exposed to damp air they will decompose. 
Official in the cerate, tincture and cantharidal collodion. 
Dose : 1 to 2 grains (0.065 t0 °- f 3 & m -)- 



201 



LECTURE NO. 26. 



CERATUM CANTHARIDIS (Cerate of Cantharides) Cantharides 
Plaster, Blistering Plaster. 

Contains cantharides No. 60, yellow wax, resin and lard. 

Official in pitch plaster with cantharides. 

TINCTURA CANTHARIDIS (Tincture of Cantharides). 

Prepared by macerating and percolating cantharides No. 60 with 
alcohol. Dose : 3 to 10 drops (0.09 to 0.3 C.c). 

Cera Alba. See page 106. 

Cera Flava. See page 106. 

Cetaceum. See page 106. 

COCCUS (Cochineal). 

The dried female of Coccus cacti (class, Insecta : order, Hemiptera), 
obtained from Mexico, Central America, West Indies and the southern 
part of the United States. 

Contains a glucoside Carminic Acid C lr H ls O 10 , which is decomposed 
by dilute sulphate acid into a non-crystallizable sugar and carmine red 
CnHjoO;-. Often adulterated with heavy substances as talc, lead car- 
bonate, and barium sulphate. Used as a coloring. 

PEL BO VIS (Oxgall). 

The fresh bile of Bos Taurus (class, Mammalia : order, Ruminantia). 

It is a brownish green, somewhat viscid liquid, having a peculiar, un- 
pleasant odor, and a disagreeable bitter taste. Official in purified oxgall. 

PEL BOVIS PURIFICATUM (Purified Oxgall). 

Prepared by evaporating oxgall, adding alcohol, macerating, filtering 
to remove mucilaginous matter and evaporating to a pilular consistence. 

Soluble in water and alcohol. It is tonic and laxative. 

Dose : 5 to 10 grains (0.33 to 0.65 gm.). 

ICHTHYOCOLLA (Isinglass) Fish Glue. 

The swimming bladder of Acipenser Huso, and of other species of 
Acipenser (class, Pisces : order, Sturiones), obtained principally from 
Russia. 

It is the purest form of gelatin and swells up when added to cold 
water, but boiling water dissolves it. Insoluble in alcohol. 

Official in the plaster. 

EMPLASTRUM ICHTHYOCOLL/E (Court Plaster). 

Prepared by dissolving isinglass in hot water, spreading one-half of it 
on taffeta, mixing the second half with alcohol and glycerin, applying 
the same as the first, reversing the taffeta, and coating with tincture of 
benzoin, and drying. 

MOSCHUS .'.Musk,. 

The dried secretion from the preputial follicles of Moschus moschif- 
erus (class, Mammalia : order, Ruminantia), obtained from Central Asia. 
26 



202 

\hout \o ( / r of it is soluble in alcohol and 50% is soluble in water. It 
is inflammable. 

Often adulterated with dried blood, sand, lead, iron filings, hair, ani- 
mal membrane, tobacco, dung of birds, wax, benzoin, asphaltum, and arti- 
ficial musk. Official in the tincture. It is a stimulant and antispasmodic. 

TINCTURA MOSCHI (Tincture of Musk). 

Prepared by rubbing musk with water, adding alcohol, macerating 7 
days, filtering and making up to the required quantity with dilute alcohol. 

Dose : 30 to 120 minims (1.9 to 7.5 C.C.). 

Oleum Morrhuae. See page 115. 

Pancreatinum. See page 93. 

Pepsinum. See page 93. 

Saccharum Lactis. See page no. 

Sevum. See page 118. 

VITELLUS (Yolk of Egg). 

The yolk of the egg of Callus B.mkiva (class, Aves : order, Gallinae). 

Official in the glycerite. 

GLYCERITUM VITELLI (Glycerite of Yolk of Egg), Glyconin. 

Prepared by rubbing together glycerin and yolk of egg. 

Used as an emulsifying agent and as an application to burns, etc. 

Table of some of the more Common Jncompatibles. 

ACACIA. — Alcohol, soluble lead salts, tincture chloride of iron, con- 
centrated solution of borax. 

ACETANILID.— Ferric Salts. 

ACID, ARSENOUS. — Tannic acid, lime water, salts of iron and 
magnesium, chromic acid, silver and gold salts. 

ACID, BENZOIC. — Silver nitrate, corrosive sublimate, ferric salts, 
chlorine, lead acetate. 

ACID, CARBOLIC. — Albumen, chloral, collodion, salts of iron, 
chlorine, bromine, nitric acid. 

ACID, CITRIC. — Alkaline solutions, whether pure or carbonated 
(converting them into citrates), earthy and metallic carbonates, most 
acetates, alkaline sulphides and soaps, sodium salicylate. 

ACID, GALLIC. — Lime water, silver nitrate, tartar emetic, ferrous 
sulphate, ferrous iodide, lead acetate, potassium carbonate. 

ACID, HYDROCHLORIC— Alkalies, metallic oxides, sulphides, 
potassium tartrate, tartar emetic, silver nitrate, lead compounds, etc. 

ACID, HYDRIODIC, SYRUP.— Potassium chlorate, mineral acids, 
salts of the metals. 

ACID, NITRIC— Organic matter. 

ACID, NITROHYDROCHLORIC, DIL.— Strong alcoholic liquids. 

ACID, PHOSPHORIC— Ferric Pyrophosphate, silver nitrate. 

ACID, SALICYLIC — Acids, salts of the metals, and many alkaloids 
(in aqueous solution), lime water, hydrochloric acid. 



203 

ACID. TANNIC. — Salts of the metals, alkaloidal solutions, potas- 
sium chlorate, solutions of starch, albumen, gelatin, gluten, mineral acids, 
antipyrine. 

ALKALOIDS. — Tannin and substances containing it, mercuric chlo- 
ride, iodine and its compounds, alkalies, alkaline earths, Donovan's 
solution, picric acid, gold salts, bromides, acetic and acetates, salicylates. 

ALUM. — Alkalies and their carbonates, lime and lime water, magne- 
sia and its carbonate, potassium tartrate, lead acetate, iron and zinc 
sulphates. 

AMMONIA. — Acids, alum, mineral salts, alkaloids. 

AMMONIUM ACETATE. — Alkalies, strong acids, mercuric chloride, 
silver nitrate. 

AMMONIUM BROMIDE.— Acids, acid salts, spirit of nitrous ether. 

AMMONIUM CARBONATE. — Acids, potassa, magnesia, alum, 
calcium chloride, potassium, bitartrate, mercuric chloride, salts of iron 
and lead, zinc sulphate. 

ANTIMONY AND POTASSIUM TARTRATE.— Acids, alkalies 
and their carbonates, some of the alkaline earths and metals, calcium 
chloride, lead acetate, lead subacetate astringent infusions and decoc- 
tions, alcohol, mercurous chloride, soap and acids. 

BISMUTH SUBNITRATE.— Ferrous sulphate, tannin, chlorinated 
lime, mercurous and mercury salts, sulphides, potassium iodide alkaline 
carbonates. 

BROMINE. — Chlorine, vegetable colors, albumen, starch paste. 

CALCIUM HYPOPHOSPHITE.— Soluble salts of mercury, copper 
and silver. 

CALCIUM HYDRATE (Lime Water).— Carbonates, acids, salts of 
the alkalies, ammonium salts, and mercuric salts. 

CALX CHLORATA. — Mineral acids, carbonic acid, alkaline carbon- 
ates. 

CAMPHOR. — Chloral, bromine, sulphuric acid, nitric acid, resins. 

CHLORAL — Carbolic acid, camphor, alkaline carbonates, potassium 
cyanide, mercurous and mercuric salts, potassium chlorate, nitric acid, 
sulphuric acid, alkaline salts. 

FERRIC CHLORIDE, TINCTURE.— Phosphoric acid and alkaline 
phosphates, ferrocyanides, creosote, alkalies, alkaline earths or carbon- 
ates (with production of the hydrate or oxide), tannic acid (inky mix- 
tures), mercurous salts (mercuric compounds), mucilage of acacia (form- 
ing a jelly), antipyrine, salicylates. 

FERROCS SULPHATE. — Lime water, calcium and barium chlor- 
ide, alkalies and their carbonates, soap, silver nitrate, borax, sodium 
phosphate, lead acetate and subacetate. 

GLYCERIN. — Chlorine, and chlorinated compounds, potassium per- 
manganate, chromic acid, borax, silver nitrate, nitric acid. 



20J 

HYDROGEN DIOXIDE, SOLUTION.— Arsenous acid, ferrous 

salts, alkalies. 

IODINE. — Starch, metallic salts, ammonia water, chloral, alkaline 
carbonates, acacia, sulphides and hyposulphites, alkaloids. 

IODOFORM. — Silver nitrate, mercurous chloride, alkaline hydrates. 

LEAD ACETATE. — Alkalies and their soluble salts the acids of 
which produce with lead, insoluble or sparingly soluble compounds (as 
citric, sulphuric, hydrochloric, and tartaric acids), lime water, potassium 
iodide, tannic acid, soap. 

LEAD SUBACETATE, SOLUTION.— Solutions of gum, tannin, 
most vegetable coloring matter, many animal substances particularly 
albumen. 

MAGNESIUM CARBONATE.— Acids, potassa, soda, lime, barium 
oxide, strontium oxide, acidulous and metallic salts. 

MAGNESIUM SULPHATE.— Sodium phosphate, potassa, soda, 
and their cabonates, lime, barium and strontium oxides, and their solu- 
ble salts, ammonia, lead acetate, calcium chloride. 

MERCURIC CHLORIDE.— Alkalies, sulphurous acid, hypophos- 
phorus acid or their salts, lime water/ alkaloids, silver nitrate, iodides, 
tannic acid, carbonates, tartar emetic, salts of iron, copper and lead, 
vegetable astringents. 

MERCUROUS CHLORIDE.— Vegetable extracts, silver nitrate, 
acids, acid salts, lime water, alkaline carbonates, iodine and soluble 
iodides, ammonium chloride, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, hydro- 
chloric acid, tincture of ferric chloride, or other soluble chlorides (form- 
ing mercuric chloride), antipyrine, bromides. 

MERCUROUS IODIDE.— Potassium iodide, sodium chloride, min- 
eral acids. 

MERCURIC IODIDE.— Potassium iodide, sodium chloride. 

METHYL SALICYLATE.— Alkalies. 

PANCREATIN.— Acids. 

PEPSIN. — Tannic acid, alcohol, alkalies. 

PHOSPHORUS. — Potassium chlorate, chlorine, bromine, iodine, car- 
bon disulphide, sulphur. 

POTASSA, SOLUTION.— Solutions of metals, alkaloids, acid solu- 
tions. 

POTASSIUM ACETATE.— Mineral acids, sodium and magnesium 
acetates, mercuric chloride, silver nitrate. 

POTASSIUM ARSENITE, SOLUTION.— Silver nitrate, ferrous 
iodide, ferrous sulphate, calcium chloride, acids, lime water, alum, vege- 
table astringents, alkaloids. 

POTASSIUM BROMIDE.— Solutions containing free chlorine, 
nitrous or nitric acids, alkaloids, calomel. 

POTASSIUM CARBONATE.— Acids and acidulous salts, ammo- 



205 

nium chloride, ammonium acetate, lime water, calcium chloride, magne- 
sium sulphate, alum, silver nitrate, amnion iated copper, lead acetate, lead 
subacetate, zinc sulphate. 

POTASSIUM CHLORATE.— Organic matter, sulphur, antimony 
sulphide, phosphorus. 

POTASSIUM IODIDE. — Acids acid salts, silver nitrate, tartaric 
acid, salts of mercury, iron and lead, alkaloids, mercurous chloride, 
mercurous and mercuric oxides, turpeth mineral, white precipitate, blue 
mass, spirit of nitrous ether, bismuth subnitrate. 

POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE.— Phosphorus, hypophosphites, 
iodine, iodides, silver nitrate, organic matter. 

POTASSIUM AND SODIUM TARTRATE.— Most acids, all acid- 
ulous salts, except potassium bitartrate, lead acetate, lead subacetate, 
soluble salts of barium and calcium. 

SILVER NITRATE. — Albumen, acetic acid, hydrocyanic acid, 
iodides, bromides, potassium ferrocyanide, most all spring and river 
water (on account of a little salt that they may contain), soluble chlorides, 
sulphuric acid, hydrogen sulphide, hydrochloric acid, tartaric acid, and 
their salts, alkalies and their carbonates, lime water, astringent infusions. 

SODIUM CARBONATE.— Acids, acidulous salts, lime water, am- 
monium chloride, earthy and metallic salts. 

SODIUM CHLORIDE.— Some of the acids (particularly sulphuric 
and nitric), silver nitrate, mercurous nitrate. 

SODA CHLORINATED, SOLUTION.— Metallic salts, iodides, 
bromides. 

SODIUM PHOSPHATE.— Soluble salts of lime, neutral metallic 
solutions, alkaloids. 

SODIUM SALICYLATE.— Acids, salts of the metals, solutions of 
many alkalies, antipyrine, alkaloids. 

SODIUM SULPHATE. — Potassium carbonate, calcium chloride, 
salts of barium, lead acetate, lead subacetate, strong solutions of silver. 

STRONTIUM BROMIDE.— Soluble carbonates and sulphates, all 
other bromides, mineral acids. 

ZINC ACETATE.— Mineral Acids. 

ZINC PHOSPHIDE.— Vegetable extracts. 

ZINC SULPHATE. — Alkalies, alkaline carbonates, sulphides, lime 
water, soluble salts of lead, astringent infusions, barium chloride, potas- 
sium ferrocyanide. 

Table of Abbreviations and Contractions frequently 
used in prescription writing. 

Aa. iana) of each ingredient. 

Abs. Eebr. {absente febre) in the absence of the fever. 

Ad. libit, (ad libitum) at pleasure. 

Add. [adde or addantur) add or let be added. 



20G 



Adst. febre {adstante febre) when the fever is on. 

Aggred. febre {aggrediente febre) while the fever is coming on. 

A Hern, horis {a I tern is //oris) every other hour. 

Appl. {applicetum) let them be applied. 

Aq. bull, {aqua bulliens) boiling water. 

Aq. com. {aqua communis) common water. 

Aq. ferv. {aqua fervens) hot water. 

Aq. font, {aqua fontaua) spring water. 

Bis inch {bis indies) twice a day. 

C. {cum) with. 
Coch. {cochleare) a spoonful. 
Coch. ampl. {cochleare amplum) a large spoonful. 
Coch. infant, {cochleare infantis) a child's spoonful. 
Chart, {charta) paper. 
Colet. {coletur) let it be strained. 
Comp. {compositus) compound. 
Cong, {congius) a gallon. 
Coq. {coquo) boil. 
Dec. {decantd) pour off. 
Det. {detur) let it be given. 
Dieb. alt. {diebus alter nis) every other day. 
Dieb. tert. {diebus tertiis) every third day. 
Dil. {dibit us) dilute or diluted. 
Dim. (dimidius) one-half. 

D. (dosis) dose. 
Ejusd. {ejusdem) of the same. 
F. {fac) make. 
Fiat — let it be made. 

Feb. dur. {febre durante) during the fever. 
Fl. {fluidus) liquid. 

F. M. {fiat mistura) let a mixture be made. 
F. S. A. {fiat secundum eirteni) let it be made according to art. 
Gr. {granum) grains. 
Gtt. {gutta) a drop. 

H. S. {hora somni) just before going to sleep. 
Hor. un. spatio {horce unius spatio) at the expiration of an hour. 
Hor. interm. {horis intermediis) at the intermediate hours. 
Ind. {indies) from day to day, or daily. 
Int. {inter) between. 
M. {misce) mix. 

Mic. Pan. {mica pants) crumbs of bread. 
Mitt, (mitte) send. 

Mod. praeso. {modo prcescripto) in the manner prescribed. 
More diet, {more dicta) in the manner directed. 



207 

Mor. sol. (more solito) in the usual manner. 

O. {pctarius) a pint. 

Onin. hor. {omul hord) every hour. 

Omn. bid. {pmni bidud) every two days. 

Omn. bih. {pmni bihorid) every two hours. 

O. M. {pmni //nine) every morning. 

O. N. {pmni node) every night. 

Omn. quadr. hor. [omni quadrante horce) every quarter , £ of an hour. 

P. ae. {part (Equal) equal parts. 

P. C. {post cibum) after eating. 

P. r. n. {pro re natd) occasionally. 

Pulv. (pulvis) a powder. 

Q. s. {quantum sufficiat) much as is sufficient. 

Repet. (repetatur) let it be continued. 

S. A. {secundem artem) according to art. 

Semih. {semihord) half an hour. 

Sesquih. {sesquihord) an hour and a half. 

St. {stent) let it stand. 

Stat, [statim) immediately. 

Sum. tal. {summat talem) let the patient take one like this. 

Rules for Converting Thermometry Scales. 

i — To convert Centigrade degrees into those of Fahrenheit above 32, 
multiply by 1.8 and add 32. Ex. 50 degrees Centigrade into those of 
Fahrenheit : 50 X 1.8 z= 90 -|- 32 = 122. 

2 — To convert Fahrenheit degrees above 32 into those of Centigrade, 
subtract 32 and divide by 1.8. Ex. 40 degrees Fahrenheit into those 
of Centigrade : 40 — 32 = 8 -f- 1.8 = 4.4 degrees. 
Fineness of Powders. 

A Xo. 80 powder is a very fine powder. 

A Xo._6o " " " fine powder. 

A Xo. 50 " " " moderately fine powder. 

A Xo. 40 " " " moderately coarse powder. 

A Xo. 20 " "' " coarse powder. 

The different numbers mean a powder that has passed through a sieve 
having the corresponding nnmber of meshes to the linear inch. 
Alligation. 

To find out the quantities of drugs of different strengths to be used 
to make a mixture of definite strengths, and also of liquids where no 
change in volume takes place when united. 

Rule. — Draw a perpendicular line ; to the left of the line write the 
required per cent, (or the per cent, sought) ; to the right of the line write 
the given percentages under each other. Connect each per cent, that is 
greater than the one sought with one that is smaller, by a line, and each 
one that is smaller with one that is greater than the per cent, sought. 



208 

( )pposite each given per cent, write the difference between the given 
per cent, at the other end of the line with which it is connected, and the 
per cent, sought. The corresponding figures will give the number of parts 
by weight of each ingredient to use. Ex. We have a lot of powdered 
opium containing i2'/ ( of morphine, and one containing 15% : in what 
proportion must they be united to obtain a mixture containing 14% ? 

Proof. 
2 1 1 1 part of 12% 1X12=12 



M 



2 parts of 15% 

3 parts. 



_2Xl 

3 



IO~ ' 


2 


2 parts of 


10% 


lal 


1 


1 part of 


12% 


15J 


2 


2 parts of 


15% 


i6_ 


4 


4 parts of 
9 


16% 



15=3^ 

3U2 
14 

We have four lots of powdered opium, containing respectfully 10%, 
12%, 15%, and 16% of morphine ; how much of each must be used to 
make a mixture containing 14% ? 

Proof. 
2 X 10=20 

I X 12= 12 

2X15=3° 

_4X 16=64 
9 9I 126 

14 
The given percentages may be connected in various ways as long as 
one smaller than the required percentage is connected with one larger, 
but each per cent, must be connected with some other. 
Example as above. 

Proof. 

T X IO= IO 
2X 12 = 24 

4X 15=60 
2X 16=32 
9 9 1 1 26 

14 
If there should be an uneven number of given per cents., either above 

or below the required per cent., any of them may have more than one 

line connected with it if necessary, and the corresponding numbers 

which would be obtained should be added together. 

Ex. We have four lots of powdered opium containing respectfully 

10%, 12%, \yj and 16% of morphine ; how much of each should be 

used to obtain a mixture containing 14% ? 



!4 ! 

I 



J 5-1 
16 _ 



1 part of 10% 

2 parts of 12% 
4 pints of 15% 
2 parts of 16% 
9 parts 



14 



1+2+4: 



2 parts of 10% 
2 parts of 12% 
2 parts of 13% 

= 7 parts of 16% 

13 parts. 



Proof. 
2X10= 20 
2X12= 24 
2X13= 26 
7X16=112 
13 13I182 
H 



APPEN DIX 



Equivalents of the Metric System in our Systems of 
Weights and Measures. 



Rul.es for converting one system 
into that oe another. 
To convert Metric Weights or Meas- 
ures into those of our system. 

Rule : Multiply the Metric quantities 
by the corresponding equivalent. 

Meters into inches X 39.370 

Liters into fluid ounces X 33.815 

Cubic centimeters into minims X 16.230 

Grams into grains X 15.432 

Grams into Avoir. ounces X • • • 28.35 
Grams into Troy ounces X • • • • 31.103 
Cubic centimeters into fluid 

ounces X 0.0338 

To convert our system of weights 
and measures into those of Metric. 

Rule : Divide the quantities by the 
corresponding Metric equivalent. 

Inches into Meters -5- 39.370 

Fluid ounces into Liters -s- .. 33.815 
Minims into Cubic centimeters 

-5- 16.230 

Grains into Grams -5- • • • 15.432 

Avoir, ounces into grams -5- . . 28.35 

Troy ounces into grams 31.103 

Fluid ounces into Cubic centi- 
meters -r- 0.0338 



Value 

Grains. 

1-100 
L-64 
1-60 
1-50 
1-48 
1-40 
1-36 
1-32 
1-30 
1-25 
1-24 
1-20 
1-18 
1-16 
1-15 
27 



Gr 



of Apothecaries 

Weight. 
Grams. 
= 0.000648 
" 0.00101 
li 0.00110 
44 0.00130 
44 0.00135 
44 0.00162 
" 0.00180 
11 0.00202 
44 0.00220 
•• 0.00270 
•• ' >.00274 
" 0-00324 
•• 0.00360 
44 0.00405 
" 0.00432 



in Metric 



ams. 

18 = 

19 44 

20 " 

21 •• 

22 44 

23 " 

24 - l 

25 - l 

26 4i 

27 •• 

28 •■ 

29 •■ 

30 •■ 

31 " 

32 " 



Gms. 
1.166 
1.231 
1.296 
1.360 
1.425 
1.490 
1 .555 
1.620 
1.685 
1.749 
1.814 
1.879 
1.944 
2.008 
2.073 



Grains. 

1-12 

1-10 

1-8 

1-6 

1-5 

1-4 

1-3 

1-2 

3-4 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 

15.432 
16 
17 

Drachms. 

1 = 

2 " 

3 " 
4 



Grams. 
= 0.00540 
4 0.00648 
1 0.00810 
4 0.01080 
4 0.01296 
4 0.01620 
' 0.02160 
4 0.03240 
1 0.04860 
■' 0.0648 
■' 0.1296 
• ; 0.1944 
•« 0.2592 
•' 0.3239 
• 4 0.3887 
■ 4 0.4536 
14 0.5184 
" 0.5832 
14 0.6480 
44 0.7129 
44 0.7776 
" 0.8424 s 
44 0.9072 
44 0.9719 
44 1.000 
44 1.037 
44 1.101 

Grams. 
3.888 
7.776 
11.664 
15.552 



Ounces. 
1 
2 



6 

7 
8 
9 
10 



Grams. 
= 31.103 
4 62.207 
4 93.310 
4 124.414 

• L55.517 

• 186.621 
4 217.724 

• 248.823 

• 279.931 
4 311.035 



Grains. 

33 = 

34 ' 4 

35 44 

36 ' 4 

37 44 

38 4 < 

39 4i 

40 4 ' 

41 " 

42 41 

43 4 < 

44 4l 

45 4I 

46 4 ' 

47 41 

48 4I 

49 4I 

50 " 

51 ll 

52 " 

53 4 

54 - 

55 4 

56 ' 

57 4 

58 « 

59 l 



Gms. 

2.138 
2.203 
2.268 
2.332 
2.397 
2.462 
2.527 
2.592 
2.656 
2.721 
2.786 
2.851 
2.916 
2.980 
3.045 
3.110 
3.175 
3.240 
3.304 
3.368 
3.433 
3.498 
3.563 
3.638 
3.702 
3.777 
3.832 



Drachms. Gms. 

5 = 19.440 

6 44 23.328 

7 •• 27.216 



Ounces. Grams. 

11 = 342.138 

12 •• 373.250 
404.345 
435.449 
466.552 

•• 497.666 
528.759 
559.863 
590.966 
622.070 



13 
14 
15 

16 
17 
18 
19 
20 



210 

In these tables the Following abbre- 
viations will be found: oz. for ounce; 
grin, for gram; grn. for grain; lb. for 
pound; il. dr. for fluid drachm; c. c. 
for cubic centimenter ; fl. oz. for fluid 
ounce, and miu. for minim. 

Value of Metric in Apothecaries 
Weight. 



(inns. 

0.0010 

0.0013 

0.0015 

0.0020 

0.0025 

0.0030 

0.0035 

0.0040 

0.0045 

0.0050 

0.0055 

0.0060 

0.0065 

0.0070 

0.0080 

0.0090 

0.0108 

0.0162 

0.0324 

0.0486 

0.0567 

0.0648 

0.005 

0.070 

0.075 

0.080 

0*085 

0.090 

0.095 

0.100 

0.110 

0.120 

0.130 

0.140 

0.150 

0.160 

0.170 

0.180 

0.190 

0.200 

0.210 



Grns. 

= 1-64 
k4 1-52 
" 1-44 
41 1-32 
» 1-26 
14 1-22 
14 1-18 
44 1-16 
44 1-15 
44 1-13 
44 1-12 
k4 1-11 
44 1-10 
44 1-9 
44 1-8 
4 - 1-7 
•• 1-6 
•• 1-4 
44 1-2 
3-4 
7-8 
1 000 
1.003 
1.080 
1.157 
1.235 
1.312 
1.389 
1.466 
1.543 
1.698 
1.852 
2.0D6 
2.161 
2.315 
2.469 
2.623 
2.778 
2.932 
:; 086 
3.2 U 



Grins. 

0.900 = 

1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

7. 

8. 

9. 
10. 
11. 
12. 
13. 
14. 
15. 
16. 
17. 
18. 
19. 
20. 
21. 
22. 
23. 
24. 
25. 
26. 
27. 
28. 
29. 
30. 
31. 
32. 
33. 
34. 
35. 
36. 
37. 
38. 
39. 
40. 



Grns. 
13.889 
15.433 
30.865 
46.297 
61.729 
77.162 
92.594 
108.026 
123.459 
138.891 
154.323 
169.756 
185.188 
200.621 
216.053 
231.485 
246.918 
262.350 
277.782 
293.214 
308.647 
324.079 
339.512 
354.944 
370.376 
385.809 
401.241 
416.673 
432.106 
447.538 
462.970 
478.403 
493.835 
509.268 
524.700 
540.132 
555.565 
570.997 
586.429 
601.862 
617.204 



Grins. 

0.220 

0.230 

0.240 

0.250 

0.260 

0.270 

0.2S0 

0.290 

0.300 

0.310 

0.320 

0.330 

0.340 

0.350 

0.300 

0.370 

0.380 

0.390 

0.400 

0.500 

0.600 

0.700 

0.800 



Grns. 

3.395 
3.549 

3.704 
;\.h:>* 
4.012 
4.167 
4.321 
4.475 
4.630 
4.784 
4.938 
5.093 
5.247 
5.401 
5.556 
5.710 
5.864 
6.019 
6.173 
7.716 
9.259 
10.803 
12.346 



Grms. 
50. 
60. 

70. 

80. 

90. 
100. 
125. 
150. 
200. 
250. 
300. 
333. 
350. 
400. 
450. 
500. 
600. 
700. 
750. 
800. 
900. 
1000. 



Grns. 

= 771.617 
44 925.941 
44 1080.264 
44 1234.588 
14 1388.911 
44 1543.235 
44 1929.044 
" 2314.852 
44 3086.470 
44 3858.087 
44 4629.705 
44 5144.118 
44 5401.322 
44 6172.940 
44 6944.557 
44 7716.174 
44 9259.409 
44 10802.644 
44 11574.262 
44 12345.879 
44 13889.114 
44 15432.350 



Value of Avoirdupois in Metric 
Weight. 



ozs. 

1-16 = 

1-8 

1-4 

1-2 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

lbs. 

1 

2 

2.2 

3 

4 



grms. 

1.772 

3.554 

7.088 

14.175 

28.350 

56.700 

85.049 

113.398 

141.75 

170.07 

grms. 
453.59 
907.18 
1000.00 
1360.78 
1814.37 
2267.96 



ozs. 


grins. 


7 = 


= 198.45 


8 4 


226.80 


9 4 


255.15 


10 4 


283.50 


11 4 


311.84 


12 4 


340.19 


13 4 


368.54 


14 4 


396.89 


15 4 


425.24 


lbs. 


grms. 


6 l 


2721.55 


7 4 


3175.14 


,8 4 


3628.74 


9 4 


4082.33 


10 4 


4535.92 



Value of Metric in Avoirdupois 
Weight. 



grms. ozs. grns. 

28.35 = 1 

29. ' 4 1 10 



grms. ozs. grns. 
100. = 3 230 
125 44 4 179 



grms 

30. 

31. 

32. 

33. 

34. 

35. 

36. 

37. 

38. 
39. 

40. 
50. 
00. 
70. 
80. 
85. 
90. 



OZS. 

= 1 

» 1 

k ' 1 

11 1 

" 1 

" 1 

■• 1 

" 1 

" 1 

•• 1 

l> 1 

• k 1 



41 
56 



103 
118 
133 
149 
164 
180 
334 
50 
205 
360- 



grms. 
150. 

200. 
250. 
300. 
S50. 
400. 
450. 
500. 
550. 
GOO. 
050. 
700. 
750. 
800. 
850. 
900. 
950. 
1000. 



• 10 
' 12 

• 14 

• 15 

• 17 
' 19 

■* 21 

• 22 
■» 24 

I 20 

II 28 
1 29 

•' 31 
•' 33 
11 35 



grns. 

127 

24 
358 
255 
151 

48 
382 



400 
303 
199 
90 
430 
320 
223 
120 



in. 


c. c. 


1 = 


= 0.06 


2 • 


• 0.12 


3 • 


• 0.18 


4 • 


• 0.25 


5 ■ 


• 0.31 


6 • 


• 0.37 


7 • 


• 0.43 


- 


• 0.49 


9 


• 0.55 


10 ' 


• 0.02 


11 


• 0.68 


12 • 


• 0.74 


13 • 


• 0.80 


14 


• 0.86 


15 


• 0.92 


16 


■ 0.99 


17 


• 1.05 


18 


• 1.11 


19 


• 1.17 


20 


• 1.2:5 


21 


• 1.29 



Apothecaries in Metric 

Measure. 

min. c. c. 



22 : 

23 

24 
25 
20 
27 
28 
29 
30 
35 
40 
45 
50 
55 
60 
70 
80 
90 
100 
110 
120 



= 1.36 

' 1.42 

1 1.48 

1 1.54 

• 1.00 

• 1.00 
1 1.73 
' 1.79 
1 1.85 

• 2.10 
■* 2.40 

• 2.77 
■' 3.08 

• 3.30 

• 3.70 
1 4.31 

• 4.!):; 

• 5.54 
■ 6.16 

• <; 78 

• 7.30 



11. dr. c. 

1 = 3. 



fl. 







8 • 
fl. oz. 

1 = 

2 * 

3 k 

4 ' 



9 

10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
10 
17 



11.09 
14.79 
18.48 

22.18 
25.88 

29.57 
c. c. 

: 29.5 7 
59.14 
8S.07 
118.34 
147.81 
177.39 
200.90 
230.53 
200.10 
295.08 
325.25 
354.82 
384.40 
413.97 
443.54 
473.11 
502.09 



dr. 

9 = 

10 » 

11 " 

12 " 

13 » 

14 " 

15 » 
10 kt 

fl. oz. 

18 = 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

20 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

04 
128 



211 

c. c. 

33.27 
36.97 

* 40.66 

■' 44.36 

• 48.06 
■' 51.75 
■* 5 :,.45 
1 59.10 

c. c. 
532.26 
501.93 
591.50 
G21.08 
050.05 
080.22 
70!). 80 
739.37 
708.94 
798.51 
828.09 
857.00 
887.23 
910.80 
94G.38 
1892.75 
3785.51 



c. c. fl. oz. 
400 = 13.52 



Value of Metric in Apothecaries 

Measure. 
c. c. fl. oz # 

1000 = 33.81 
900 " 30.43 
800 tl 27.05 
700 " 23.07 
GOO " 20.29 
500 " 1G.90 
473 " 10. 



300 

200 

100 

75 

50 

30 



c. c. 

25 = 
10 



min. 
405.7 
1G2.3 
14G.1 
129.8 
113.6 
97.4 
81.1 



2. 
1. 

0.5(1 
0.25 
0.00 



1 10.14 

1 G.7G 

< 3.38 
1 2.5:5 
1 1.69 
' 1.01 

fl. oz. 

= 64.9 

' 48.7 

< 32.5 

• 10.23 

1 8.1 

' 4.1 

1 1.0 



212 

The following table was arranged by E. P. Stimson, M. D., of Tiv- 
erton, R. [., for Claflin's Druggist, and is very valuable to anyone buy- 
ing in the Metric weights or measures. 

In making this table Dr. Stimson has somewhat extended the table 
of equivalents as given by Prof. Miller as compared between the pound 
and the Kilogram and reduced the same into its lower denominations, 
the figures agreeing in the main with those published by the Metric Bureau. 

The first column is the price in the old weights and measures, the re- 
maining columns the Metric values, as compared and stated in their 
headings, viz : 

2d. column contains grains in grams, i. e., at $0.01 per grain, the 
gram is valued at $0,154. 

3rd. column contains minims in cubic centimeters for fluids. 

4th. column compares the price per ounce in avoidupois weight as 
stated in first column, with 100 grams. 

5th. column contains the same with fluid ounce reduced to 100 c. c. 

6th. and 7th. columns contain pounds or pints reduced to Kilograms 
or Liters. 

8th. column contains fluids by the gallon to be sold by the Liter. 

It would favor the use of the Metric weights if druggists would put 
up all their packages in Metric rather than Avoirdupois weight, and 
making the price in its equivalent, as per annexed tables. 

This would also favor the retailer and physician, for the price paid and 
the price dispensed would be in the same weights; now we buy by Avoir- 
dupois and dispense by Apothecaries or Metric, and lest we lose money 
we have to convert the price Avoirdupois to Apothecaries or Metric, as 
the case may be. 

To aid in the conversion from Avoirdupois and Fluid measures to the 
Metric System is the object of this paper. 



At. 
8 c 


r. 

"3 - 


03 

h 

3 


S 

. if. 

,_ 


S 6 
■3 

«c 


- s 

«S S 

O C3 


4^ . 

.2 M 


Ph 


Is 


.01 


.154 


.162 


.035 


.034 


.022 


.021 


.00204 


.02 


.309 


.324 


.071 


.008 


.044 


.042 


.00528 


.11:; 


.463 


.4s 7 


.10c 


.101 


.000 


.063 


.00793 


.0+ 


.017 


.649 


.141 


.135 


.088 


.0S5 


.01050 


.05 


.772 


.812 


.170 


.109 


.110 


.100 


.01321 


.111; 


.926 


.071 


212 


.203 


.132 


.127 


.01585 


.117 


1.080 


1.136 


.247 


.2)17 


.154 


.148 


.01849 


.OS 


1.2;;.-. 


1.299 


.282 


.271 


.176 


.109 


.02113 


.09 


1.389 


1.461 


.317 


.304 


.198 


.190 


.02378 


.10 


1.548 


1.623 


.353 


.338 


.220 


.211 


.02042 


.11 


1.698 


1.7s;, 


.388 


.372 


.243 


.232 


.02906 


.12 


1 .852 


1.948 


.423 


•400 


.205 


.254 


.03170 


.13 


2.000 


2.110 


.47,0 


.440 


.287 


.275 


.03434 


.14 


2.161 


2.272 


.41)4 


.473 


.309 


.290 


.03099 


.1.". 


2.315 


2.435 


.520 


.507 


.331 


.317 


.03903 


16 


2.469 


2.597 


.564 


.541 


.353 


.338 


.04227 


.17 


2.02:; 


2.7.-.!) 


.000 


.575 


.375 


.359 


.04912 


.18 


2.77s 


2.! 122 


.1;:;:. 


.609 


.398 


.380 


.04755 


.]!> 


2.932 


3.084 


.070 


.042 


.419 


.402 


.05195 


.20 


3.086 


3.246 


.705 


.070 


.441 


.423 


.05284 


.25 


3.858 


L058 


.882 


.845 


.551 


.528 


.00005 



213 



'= u 



.30 


4.630 


4.869 


1.058 


1.014 


.001 


.034 


.07920 


.35 


5.401 


5.081 


1.235 


1.184 


.772 


.740 


.09247 


.40 


0.173 


0.493 


1.411 


1.353 


.882 


.845 


.10567 


.45 


6.945 


7.304 


1.587 


1.522 


.992 


.'.'51 


.11888 


.50 


7.710 


8.116 


1.704 


1.091 


1.102 


1.057 


.13209 


.55 


8. 487 


8.927 


1.940 


1.859 


1.213 


1.102 


.14530 


.60 


9.259 


9.739 


2.110 


2.029 


1.323 


1.208 


.15851 


.65 


10.031 


10.550 


2.293 


2.298 


1.433 


1.374 


.17172 


.70 


10. 803 


11.362 


2.469 


2.367 


1.54;; 


1.479 


.18493 


.75 


11.574 


12.174 


2.040 


2.530 


1.653 


1.585 


.19814 


.80 


12.340 


12.985 


2.822 


2.705 


1.704 


1.091 


.21135 


,v,". 


13.117 


13.797 


2.998 


2.874 


1.874 


1.797 


.22450 


.90 


13.889 


14.608 


3.175 


3.043 


1.984 


1.902 


.23777 


.95 


14.661 


15.420 


3.351 


3.212 


2.094 


2.008 


.25098 


1.00 


15.432 


10.232 


3.527 


3.382 


2.205 


2.113 


.20419 


1.05 


16.204 


17.432 


3.704 


3.551 


2.315 


2.219 


.27740 


1.10 


10.970 


17.855 


3.880 


3.720 


2.425 


2.325 


.29001 


1.15 


17.747 


18.000 


4.057 


3.889 


2.535 


2.431 


.30381 


1.20 


18.519 


19.478 


4.233 


4.058 


2.040 


2.530 


.31702 


1.25 


19.290 


20.289 


4.4(>9 


4.227 


2.750 


2.042 


.33023 


1.30 


20.062 


21.101 


4.586 


4.390 


2.800 


2.748 


.34344 


L.35 


20.834 


21.913 


4.702 


4.505 


2.970 


2.853 


.35665 


1.40 


21.605 


22.724 


4.938 


4.734 


3.080 


2.959 


.36986 


1.45 


22.377 


23.530 


5.115 


4.903 


3.197 


3.0 05 


.38307 


1.50 


23.149 


24.340 


5.291 


. 5.072 


3. So 7 


3.170 


.39628 


1.55 


23.920 


25.159 


5.407 


5.241 


3.417 


3.270 


.40949 


1.60 


24.692 


25.970 


5.044 


5.410 


3.527 


3.382 


.42270 


1.05 


25.403 


26.5782 


5.820 


5.570 


3.638 


3.487 


.43591 


1.70 


20.235 


27.594 


5.997 


5.749 


♦ 3.748 


3.593 


.44912 


1.75 


27.00 7 


28.405 


0.173 


5.918 


3.858 


3.099 


.46233 


L.80 


27.77S 


29.217 


6.349 


0.087 


3.908 


3.804 


.47554 


1.85 


28.550 


30.028 


0.520 


6.250 


4.079 


3.910 


.48877 


1.90 


2!».:;2L 


30.840 


0.702 


0.425 


4.189 


4. ni,; 


.50195 


1.95 


30.093 


31.052 


0.878 


0.594 


4.2'.»9 


4.122 


.51330 


2.00 


30.805 


32.403 


7.055 


0.703 


4.409 


4.227 


.52s;;7 


3.00 


40.297 


48.695 


10:582 


10.145 


0.014 


0.340 


.79256 


4.00 


01.729 


64.926 


14.110 


13.526 


8.818 


8.454 


1.05074 


5.00 


77.102 


81.158 


17.037 


10.908 


11.023 


10.567 


1.32093 


G.OO 


92.594 


d:.:)sv 


21.104 


20.289 


13.228 


12.681 


1.58512 


7.00 


108.026 


113. 021 


24.092 


23. C71 


15.432 


14.704 


1.84930 


8.00 


12:;. 45!' 


129.853 


28.219 


27.052 


17.037 


16.908 


2.11349 




138.891 


140.084 


31.747 


30.434 


19.842 


19.021 


2.37707 


10.00 


154.32:1 


162.232 


35.274 


33.S15 


22.046 


21.135 


2.64186 




308.647 


324.632 


70.548 


67.631 


44.0H2 


4 2.270 


5.28372 


30.00 


4<;2.!'7<» 


486.947 


105.822 


101.446 


66.139 


03.405 


7.92558 


4<UHI 


017.294 


649.263 


Hl.n'.iO 


135.261 


88.185 


84.540 


10.56744 


5m. .i.i 


771.017 


811.579 


176.370 


109.070 


110.231 


105.075 


13.20930 


60.00 


925.941 


973.895 


211.044 


202.892 


132.277 


126.809 


L5.851 16 


70.00 


1080.264 


1136.211 


246.918 


236.707 


154.323 


147.944 


18.49302 




1234.588 




282.192 


270.522 


17G.370 


1G9.079 


21.13488 


90.00 


L388.911 


1460.842 


317.466 


304.335 


198.416 


1!I0.214 


2:'». 77071 


100.00 


154:;. 2:15 


1623.158 


:;^.74" 


338.153 


220.462 


211.349 


26.41860 


200.00 


3086.470 


3246.316 


705.480 


070.3O0 


440.924 


422.698 


52.S3720 


300.00 


102'.'. 7".-, 


W69.474 


1058.220 


1014.458 


661.386 


634.047 


105.674 hi 


400.00 


6172.939 


6492.632 


141 ii. '.ic,(i 


1352.611 


881.848 


845.396 


132.09300 


500.00 


7716.174 


8115.790 


170:;. 700 


1690.764 


1102.311 


1056.745 


15-. -5 1 16 


1000.00 


154:;2.:54!» 


16231.580 


3577.400 


3381.528 


2204.621 


21 13,. 490 


20,4.1 SOI 10 



INDEX 



The Index has been condensed as much as possible. Pharmaceutical, 
Botanical, Therapeutical and Chemical terms will be found under their 
respective headings ; chemical compounds are indexed under each corre- 
sponding class heading. Ex. Potassium Iodide (see potassium) ; the 
principal synonyms of drugs and chemicals are given to aid in finding 
them readily. The oils given in the index are those having # no official 
drug to be classified under. All official preparations may be found 
under the corresponding drug or chemical, and salts of the alkaloids 
under the corresponding alkaloid. 





Page 




Page 


Acacia, 


I IO 


Aqua, Fortis, 


29 


Acetanilid, 


I04 


" Regia, 


28 


Acetic Ether, 


99 


Argol, 


65 


Acids, Inorganic, 


25 


Arnica Flowers, 


162 


" Organic, 


88 


" Root, 


162 


Aconite, 


161 


Aromatic Elixir, 


121 


Adhesive Plaster, 


189 


" Powder, 


125 


African Pepper, 


191 


Arsenic, 


36 


Alcohol and Alcoholic Liquids 


94 


Arsenical Antidote, 


5o 


Aldehyde, 


101 


Asafetida, 


190 


Aldehydes, 


101 


Atropine, 


164 


Alder Buckthorn, 


147 


Balance, Definition of 


2 


Alligation, 


207 


Balm, 


131 


Allspice, 


133 


Balsam of Life, 


T 95 


Almond, Bitter, 


142 


" M Peru, 


'95 


" Sweet, 


"3 


" " Tolu, 


196 


Aloe, 


140 


Balsams, 


195 


Aloin, 


Hi 


Barium Compounds, 


36 


Aluminum Compounds, 


3' 


Basham's Mixture, 


33 


Ammonio, Ferric Alum, 


48 


Basilicon Ointment, 


189 


" Ferric Tartrate, 


48 


Bay Rum, 


133 


Ammonium Compounds, 


32 


Bearberry, 


160 


Ammoniac, 


190 


Bear's Weed, 


186 


Ammoniated Glycyrrhizin 


149 


Belladonna Leaf, 


163 


Amyl Nitrite, 


100 


Root, 


164 


Angelica Tree, 


161 


Benzine Derivatives, 


104 


Anise, 


119 


Benzin, 


102 


Antifebrin, 


104 


Benzoin, 


195 


Antimony Compounds, 


34 


Beta, Napthol, 


104 


Apomorphine, Hydroch, 


.63 


Bismuth Compounds, 


37 



215 





Page 




Page 


Bitter Almond, 


142 


Canon Oil, 


39 


Bittersweet, 


171 


Cascara Sagrada, 


189 


Blackberry, 


199 


Cascarilla," 


143 


BLick Draught, 


. 158 


Cassia Fistula, 


108 


" Drop, 


177 


Cayenne Pepper, 


191 


11 Root, 


150 


Celandine, 


165 


" Wash, 


59 


Cellulin, 


107 


Blanchard's Pills, 


49 


Cellulose Derivatives, 


107 


Blaud's Pills, 


46 


Cereum Compounds, 


4i 


Bleaching Powder, 


42 


Chamomile, German, 


131 


Blistering Plaster, 


201 


" Roman, 


120 


Bloodroot, 


182 


Charcoal, Animal, 


97 


Blueberry Root, 


143 


Wood, 


97 


Blue Butter, 


58 


Chemical Comb'n, Laws Regulatin 


g, 84 


'« Cohosh, 


143 


Chemical Terms, Definition of 


12 


» Flag, 


149 


Chemistry, Definition of 


2 


" Mass, 


57 


Chestnut, 


196 


" Ointment, 


58 


Chirata, 


143 


" Pill, 


57 


Chittem Bark, 


189 


Boneset, 


147 


Chlorinated Lime, 


42 


Borax, 


73 


Chlorine, 


4i 


Botanical Terms, 


19 


" Derivatives, 


102 


Bromine, 


38 


Chloroform, 


102 


Broom Tops, 


182 


Chrysarobin, 


144 


Brown Mixture, 


148 


Cinnamons, 


125 


Bryony, 


142 


Cinchona, 


165 


Buckthorn, 


i47 


Red, 


166 


Buchu, 


123 


Cinchonidine, 


166 


Burdock, 


149 


Cinchonine, 


166 


Burgundy Pitch, 


188 


Citrine Ointment, 


58 


Butterfly Weed, 


142 


Classes of Preparations, Dcfi. of 


19 


Cabbage Rose Petals, 


133 


Clove, 


124 


Caffeine, 


172 


Coca, 


169 


Calabar Bean, 


180 


Cocaine, 


169 


Calcined Magnesia, 


55 


Cochineal, 


201 


Calcium Compounds, 


39 


Codeine, 


179 


Calomel, 


59 


Cohosh, Blue, 


143 


Camphor, 


138 


Black, 


185 


" Monobromated, 


139 


Colchicum Root, 


169 


Canadian Hemp, 


142 


" Seed, 


170 


Cantharides, 


200 


Cold Cream, 


114 


Caoutchouc, 


186 


Collodions, 


107 


Capsicum, 


191 


Colophony, 


189 


Caraway, 


124 


Columbo, 


164 


Carbon, 


4i 


Commander's Balsam, 


'95 


" Disulphide, 


97 


Conium, 


170 


Cardamom, 


123 


Consumptive's Weed, 


186 


Carragheen, 


112 


Copaiba, 


192 



216 





Page 




Copper Compounds, 


42 


Fig, 


Coriander, 


126 


Fixed Oils, 


Corn Silk, 


i6i 


Flake White, 


Corrosive Sublimate, 


58 


Flaxseed, 


Cotton Root Bark, 


186 


Fowler's Solution, 


Couch Grass, 


160 


Foxglove, 


Court Plaster, 


200 


Fineness of Powders, 


Cousso, 


186 


Friar's Balsam, 


Cramp Bark, 


200 


Gamboge, 


Cranesbill, 


197 


Garlic, 


Cream of Tartar, 


65 


Gentian, 


Creosote, 


105 


German Chamomile, 


Cubeb, 


127 


Ginger, 


Cubic Nitre, 


76 


Glauber Salt, 


Culver's Root, 


150 


Glucose, 


Physic, 


150 


Glucosides, 


Cutch, 


196 


Glycerin, 


Dandelion, 


159 


Glyconin, 


Dextrine, 


112 


Glycerite of Boroglycerin 


Digitalis, 


146 


Glycyrrhizin, Ammon, 


Diachylon Plaster, 


55 


Gold Compounds, 


" Ointment, 


55 


Goldenseal, 


Dialysed Iron, 


47 


Goulard's Cerate, 


Dispensatory, Definition of 


2 


Gravity, Definition of 


Donovan's Solution, 


60 


Green Vitriol, 


Dover's Powder, 


178 


Green Soap, 


Elaterin, 


146 


Gregory's Powder, 


Elder, 


135 


Griffeth's Mixture, 


Elecampane, 


149 


Grindelia, 


Elements, Valence of 


86 


Grey Powder, 


Atomic Weight of 


86 


Guaiacum Wood, 


Elixir, Aromatic, 


i2i 


Guarana, 


" Pro, 


141 


Gums, 


Vitriol, 


3i 


Gum-Arabic, 


Elm, 


113 


Gum Resins, 


English Chamomile, 


12*0 


Gun Cotton, 


Epsom Salt, 


56 


Hamamelis, 


Ergot, 


I70 


Haw Black, 


Esters, 


16, 99 


Hellebore, American, 


Ether, 


97 


" Green, 


" Acetic, 


99 


Henbane, 


" Spirit Nitrous, 


99 


Hemlock, 


Ethers, 


97 


Hemp, Canadian, 


Eucalyptol, 


128 


" Indian, 


Eucalyptus, 


128 


Honey, 


Fats, 


113 


Hop, 


Fennel, 


128 


Horehound, 


Ferric Hydrate, 


49 


Hydrometer, 



Page 
108 

"3 

54 
115 

26 
146 
207 

'95 

191 
118 
147 
131 
194 

77' 
109 
140 

96 
202 

27 
H9 

43 
173 

53 
2 

5o 
i'5 
154 

46 
172 

57 
187 
172 
no 
no 
190 
107 
198 
161 



173 
170 
142 
185 
109 
192 
'5i 
4 



217 





Page 




Page 


Hydrogen Compounds, 


43 


Lupulin, 


193 


Hydrastinine, 


173 


Lunar Caustic, 


7i 


Hydrous-Wool Fat, 


114 


Mace, 


131 


Hyoscine, 


174 


Magnesium Compounds, 


55 


Hyoscyamine, 


174 


Male Fern, 


191 


Iceland Moss, 


i ii 


Mandrake, 


188 


India Rubber, 


1 86 


Manganese Compounds, 


56 


Indian Paint, 


182 


Manna, 


108 


Indian Sage, 


M7 


Marigold, 


143 


Indicators, 


83 


Marshmallow, 


1 11 


Iodine Compounds, 


43 


Mastic, 


188 


Derivatives, 


103 


Materia Medica, Definition of 


2 


Iodoform, 


103 


Matico, 


150 


Ipecac, 


174 


May Apple, 


188 


Irish Moss, 


1 12 


Menthol, 


139 


Iron Compounds, 


44 


Mercury Compounds, 


57 


Isinglass, 


201 


Methyl Salicylate, 


91 


Jaborandi, 


181 


Metric S3 stem, 


3 


Jalap, 


187 


" " Equivalents, 


209 


Jamaica Pepper, 


133 


Mezereum, 


151 


James's Powder, 


35 


Microscopy, Definition of 


2 


Jesuit Drops, 


195 


Mitigated Caustic, 


7i 


Kama la, 


198 


Monkshood, 


161 


Kermes's Mineral, 


36 


MonselFs Solution, 


5i 


Kino, 


.98 


Moonseed, Canadian, 


175 


Kousso, 


186 


Morphine, 


179 


Labarraque's Solution, 


42 


Mountain Balm, 


186 


Lactose, 


no 


Mucilaginous Substances, 


no 


Lactucarium, 


150 


Musk, 


201 


Ladies 1 Slipper, 


145 


Mustard, Black, 


*59 


Lanoline, 


114 


White, 


159 


Lard, 


114 


Myrrh, 


191 


Laudanum, 


178 


Napthalin, 


104 


Lead Compounds, 


S3 


Napthol. 


104 


' ' Water, 


54 


Neutral Mixture, 


67 


Lemon Juice, 


198 


" Principles, 


140 


" Peel, 


13' 


Nitrogen, 


61 


Licorice, 


148 


Nitroglycerin, Spirit, 


100 


Lignum Vit.i, 


187 


Normal Factor, 


84 


Lily of the Valley, 


'45 


Nutgall, 


197 


Liniment, Compound Mustard, 


136 


Nutmeg, 


133 


Linseed, 


"5 


Butter, 


i33 


Litharge, 


54 


Nux Vomica, 


176 


Lithium Compounds, 


52 


Oil, Bay 


132 


Liver of Sulphur, 


64 


" Benne 


117 


Lobelia, 


'75 


" Bergamot 


122 


Logwood, 


197 


" Birch, Volatile 


122 


LugolPs Solution, 


44 


" Bitter Almond 


119 


28 









218 





Page 




Page 


Oil, Bitter Almond Artificial, 


II 9 


Pepper, Black, 


193 


" Black Mustard 


135 


" Wood, 


161 


" Cajuput 


123 


Peppermint, 


132 


1 ' Castor 


117 


Pepsin, 


93 


' Cod Liver 


"5 


" Saccharated, 


93 


" Cotton Seed 


"5 


Petrolatum, 


101 


" Croton 


II 7 


" Derivatives, 


101 


" Erigeron 


127 


Ether, 


102 


" Ethereal 


99 


Pharmaceutical Definitions, 


5 


" Juniper 


129 


Pharmacognosy, Definition of 


2 


" Lard 


200 


Pharmacopoeia, Definition of 


2 


" Lavender Flowers 


130 


Pharmacy, Definition of 


2 


" Mace 


133 


Phenol, 


89 


" .Mir bane 


119 


Phenols, 


I05 


" Mustard, Volatile 


135 


Phenyl Salicylate, 


92 


" Neroli 


121 


Phenylic Alcohol, 


89 


" Olive 


116 


Phosphorated Oil, 


63 


" Orange Flowers 


121 


Phosphorus Compound, 


62 


" Origanum 


133 


Physostigmine, 


l8l 


" Rosemary 


134 


Picrotoxin, 


152 


11 Sandal 


135 


Pill, Cathartic, Comp. 


59 


" Tar 


133 


Veg. 


145 


" Theobronia 


117 


Pilocarpine, 


181 


* 4 Thyme 


'38 


Pinkroot, 


183 


" Turpentine 


137 


Piperin, 


152 


" Vitriol 


30 


Pipsissewa, 


143 


" Wintergreen 


129 


Plasma, 


107 


Artificial 


9i 


Plaster of Paris. 


41 


Ointment, Rose Water 


114 


Pleurisy Root, 


142 


Oleoresins, 


191 


Plummets Pills, 


36 


Opium, 


177 


Podophyllum, 


188 


Orange Peel, Bitter 


120 


Poison Ivy, 


155 


" Sweet 


121 


" Nut, 


176 


Root, 


^73 


" Oak, 


155 


Oxgall, 


201 


Poke Berry, 


151 


Oxygen, 


62 


" Root, 


151 


Hydrate, 


37 


Pomegranate, 


172 


Oxygenizerj Water, 


37 


Potassium Compounds, 


63 


Pancreatin, 


93 


Potassio-ferric Tartrate, 


48 


Pappoose Root, 


'43 


Powder Aromatic, 


125 


Paraldehyde, 


101 


" Effervescing Comp. 


68 


Pareira, 


180 


Precipitated Chalk, 


39 


Paregoric, 


178 


Prickley Ash, 


161 


Elixir 


178 


Prince's Pine, 


143 


Pearlash, 


66 


Prune, 


109 


Pellitory, 


182 


Puccoon, 


182 


" of Spain, 


182 


Pulsatilla, 


153 


Pennyroyal, 


129 


Pumpkin Seed, 


188 



219 





Page 




Page 


Purging Cassia, 


1 08 


Salt Petre, 


69 


Pyrogallol, 


105 


Santonin, 


155 


Pyroligneous Acid, 


88 


Sarsaparilla, 


156 


Pyroxylon, 


107 


Sassafras, 


135 


Quaker Bitters, 


176 


Pith, 


112 


Quassia, 


153 


Savine, 


'34 


Quebracho, 


163 


Scammony, 


189 


Queen's Delight, 


183 


Scullcap, 


157 


Queensroot, 


183 


Seidlitz Powders, 


68 


Quick Grass, 


160 


Senega, 


158 


Quicklime, 


39 


Senna, 


158 


Quicksilver, 


57 


Silicon Compounds, 


70 


Quinidine, 


167 


Silver Compounds, 


70 


Quinine, 


167 


" Leaf, 


183 


Quitch, 


160 


Slippery Elm, 


113 


Raspberry, 


109 


Sloe, 


161 


Rectified Spirit, 


94 


Snakeroot, Black 


185 


Red Phosphorus, 


62 


" Virginia 


136 


" Precipitate, 


61 


Sodium Compounds, 


72 


" Rose, 


199 


Soap, 


116 


" Saunders, 


155 


" Green 


JI 5 


Resin, 


189 


" Bark 


153 


" Copaiba 


186 


Soda, Saleratus 


73 


" Guaiac 


187 


Soluble Glass, 


70 


" Jalap 


187 


Solution Arsenite Potass. 


26 


" Podophyllum 


189 


" Chlorinated Soda, 


42 


Scammony, 


190 


" Iodide Arsenic and Mer- 




Resorcin, 


105 


cury, 


60 


Rhatany, 


198 


" Peroxide Hydrogen 


37 


Rhubarb, 


153 


Spanish Fly, 


200 


Rochelle Salt, 


67 


Sparteine, 


182 


Roman Chamomile, 


120 


Spearmint, 


132 


Rose, Pale 


133 


Specific Gravity, 


4 


" Red 


199 


Spermaceti, 


106 


" Water 


134 


Spirit, Mindererus 


33 


Rottlera, 


188 


" Sea Salt 


27 


Rules for converting Thermomet- 




" Wine 


94 


ric Scales, 


207 


Spoonweed, 


188 


Sacred Bark, 


189 


Spurred Rye, 


170 


Saffron, 


H5 


Squill, 


156 


Sage, 


135 


Squaw Root, 


H3 


Sal Prunelle, 


69 


Stag Birch, 


161 


" Soda, 


74 


Star Anise, 


129 


" Tartar, 


66 


Starch, 


106 


Salicin, 


155 


Starches, 


106 


Saleratus, 


65 


Stavesacre, 


183 


Saline Mixture, 


67 


Stearoptens, 


138 


Salol, 


92 


Storax, 


196 



220 





Page 




Page 


Stramonium, 


l8 3 


Turlington's Balsam, 


J 95 


Strengthening Plaster, 


49 


Turpentine, 


194 


Strontium Compounds, 


77 


" Canada 


194 


Stropanthus, 


159 


Turpeth Mineral, 


6l 


Strychnine, 


176 


Uva Ursi, 


160 


Sucrose, 


109 


Valerian, 


138 


Suet, 


118 


Val let's Mass, 


45 


Sugar, 


109 


Vanilla, 


160 


" of Lead, 


53 


Veratrine, 


184 


'« " Milk, 


1 10 


Vienna Caustic, 


64 


Sugars, 


108 


" Paste, 


64 


Sulphur Compounds, 


78 


Virginia Snakeroot, 


136 


Sumach, 


199 


Vitriolated Tartar, 


70 


Sumbul, 


194 


Volatile Liniment, 


32 


Suterberry, 


161 


'« Oils, 


118 


Sweet Almond. 


"3 


Salt, 


33 


" Flag, 


123 


Volumetric Analysis, 


81 


44 Spirit of Nitre, 


99 


" Solutions, 


84 


Sydenham's Laudanum, 


179 


Wade's Balsam, 


!95 


Syrup Hydriodic Acid, 


44 


Wahoo, 


147 


Table of Atomic Weights, 


86 


Water, 


43 


" " Incompatibles, 


202 


Waxes, 


106 


" " Contractions and abbrevi- 


Weight and Weighing, DefL of 


2 


ations used in Prescription Writi 


ng, 205 


Weights and Measures, 


2 


Tamarind, 


200 


White Lead, 


54 


Tannin, 


92 


" Oak Bark, 


199 


Tansy, 


136 


" Precipitate, 


58 


Tar, 


'93 


" Vitriol, 


81 


Tar Camphor, 


104 


•« Wax, 


106 


Tartar Emetic, 


34 


Wild Cherry, 


152 


Tartrated Soda, 


67 


Wine, Red and White, 


96 


Tea Ash, 


161 


Wintergreen, 


H3 


Terebene, 


137 


Witchhazel, 


198 


Terpin Hydrate, 


137 


Wormseed, American 


125 


Terra Japonica, 


196 


" European 


155 


Tetterwort, 


65, 182 


" Levant 


155 


Thermometers, 


5 


Wormwood, 


118 


Therapeutical Terms, Defi. of 


10 


Yellow Dock, 


i55 


Therapeutics, Defi. of 


2 


Jasmine, 


171 


Thoroughwort, 


147 


Parilla, 


i75 


Thornapple, 


183 


" Puccoon, 


i73 


Thyme, 


105 


Root, 


i73 


Tincture, Lavender Comp. 


130 


Wash, 


58 


Tobacco, 


184 


Wax, 


106 


Toothache Tar, 


161 


Yerba Santa, 


186 


Toxicology, Defi. of 


2 


Yolk of Egg, 


202 


Tragacanth, 


1 12 


Zinc Compounds, 


79 


Tulley Powder, 


180 







JAJV 



» '89S 






